卷 97, 编号 10 (2018)

Introduction. The problem of the carcinogenic danger of the gain in cancer incidence in large cities and industrial centers is under consideration, but there are no studies on the epidemiological and hygienic aspects of the prevalence of cancer pathology in the regions of Siberia. 

Material and methods. Incidence and mortality rates of malignant tumors were studied as in general as corresponding to the leading localizations in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases for 1991-2015. To reduce the uncertainties of the analysis associated with the small population of the rural areas of the Republic of Buryatia (RB), the average value for five-year periods was calculated.

Results. The epidemiological analysis of the long-term morbidity and mortality rate in cancer cases indicates negative trends. The gain in cancer prevalence was revealed to be 1.5 times higher in the RB. The increase of the index value is especially pronounced in the following localizations: blood and hemopoietic organs by 2.8 times, genitourinary system — 2.8 times, endocrine system — 2 times, digestive organs — 1.5 times. Malignant neoplasms of the lungs (33.3 ‰_oo of the population) and the stomach (28.1 ‰_oo) are most often recorded. Using repeated georeferenced measurements of oncological pathology from the general population in the RB, we identified clusters highlighting a particular structure in the spatial distribution of high and low values of the mortality and incidence rate.

Conclusion. The further direction of research is discussed: a detailed study of the impact of carcinogenic risk factors (industrial, natural and climatic origin, lifestyle) and the organization of medical care for the population in identified areas of risk.

Introduction. Now radio lines of the management of explosions find more and more broad application for the execution of acts of terrorism. The special technical means which are powerful sources of EMP in the range of frequencies of 0.02 – 6.00 GHz by which workers in the course of their production and operation and also the population which has appeared in a radiation zone can be affected, are developed for the suppression of radio-frequency signals of control of explosive devices.

Aim of the study. Scientific justification and development of hygienic requirements for the safe use of systems of suppression of radio lines of control of explosive devices (SS RCED). 

Material and methods. The calculation methods for determining the EMF intensities created by different types of SS RCED (1500 calculations) were used, more than 250 measurements were carried out at different distances from 5 types of SS RCED in the open area and in the offices.

Results. Hygienic investigations have allowed to point out 5 categories of the irradiated contingents for which hygienic regulations of EMP on the basis of the analysis of the standard and methodical documents acting in the Russian Federation have been proved. Calculations and natural measurements of the EMP levels from various types of SS RCED in rooms and in the open territory are taken. The technique of forecasting of conditions of radiation taking into account their technical characteristics (range of frequencies, power, etc.), the time of the exposure and distances from sources is offered. The algorithm of carrying out a hygienic assessment of conditions of radiation of personnel and population from SS RCED and a complex of preventive actions are developed. 

Discussion. Protection of workers by production, service, and operation of SS RCED, has to be carried out by restriction of the time of the impact of EMP taking into account power expositions at different distances from a source, and the population - by determination of safe zones of stay taking into account categories of the irradiated contingents. The technical actions including the organization of remote control of SS RCED and application of means collective (shielding) and/or individual protection are offered. 

Conclusion. The conducted complex research allowed justifying hygienic requirements for the production and operation of SS RCED and developing the project of SanPiN 2.1.8/2.2.4.xxxx-18 «Sanitary rules and standards of safe use of systems of suppression of radio lines of management of explosive devices of the range of frequencies of 0,02–6,00 GHz».

Introduction. The production of primary aluminum is one of the leading and belonging to the category of an increased health hazard for workers in the economy, which requires close attention to working conditions while modernizing production technology.

Material and methods. The research methodology included a comprehensive study of working conditions and assessment of priority occupational risk factors, an in-depth study of the morphology, dispersed and component composition of dust and gas components air-suspended at different technologies of electrolysis of aluminum.

Results. The leading production factors of occupational risk, degrees are fluorine-containing compounds, dust and gas-aerosol mixtures in the form of separate and assembled into agglomerates micro- and nanostructured particles of complex chemical composition (fluorine, carbon, aluminum, sodium, oxygen, silicon, iron, sulfur, chromium, nickel, etc.), unfavorable microclimate, electromagnetic field, noise, vibration, physical loads, which are related to the 3^rd (harmful) class of 1 to 3 degree.

Discussion. Modernization of aluminum production with the introduction of technology of pre-baked anodes allows significantly improve working conditions, reduce the admission of harmful chemical substances into the air of the working area, with the exception of hydrofluoride, the concentration of which exceeds extremely permissible levels in 1.5-3.1 times. Noteworthy is the fact of the detection of aerosols of disintegration and condensation, including particles of nanoscale range, impurities of heavy metals in the air. The consequences of the effect of such complex combination mixtures, their combined effects with other factors on the body, can have pronounced negative effects, which is important with adequate exposure analysis and personalized assessment of the health risks of workers engaged in the production of aluminum.

Conclusion. Working conditions at workplaces with the technology of self-baking anodes are characterized by moderate or severe professional risk, with the technology of pre-baked anodes — mild or moderate risk, which makes the urgent problem of further improvement of aluminum production technologies, detailed analysis of personal exposures of harmful substances for a correct assessment of the health risk of workers, is relevant.

Introduction. The paper presents the results of a survey of 42 experienced workers of a chemical enterprise exposed to vinyl chloride (VC). The purpose of the study is to establish the characteristics of changes in some biochemical indices in workers exposed to vinyl chloride, depending on the exposure load. 

Material and methods. A neurological, general therapeutic, ultrasound examination, biochemical studies with the determination of lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant protection, neurotransmitters was executed. The toxic exposure load (TEL) for the entire period of internship has been determined. Non-parametric methods of statistical analysis with the determination of the Mann-Whitney U-test were used. 

Results. Clinical manifestations of employees working in contact with VC included asthenic disorder with cognitive impairment and autonomic dysfunction syndrome, arterial hypertension, and gastrointestinal diseases. The prevalence of cognitive impairments and hypertension has been established to increases with an extremely high level of exposure load. In individuals with an extremely high level of exposure, higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol, atherogenic index (AI) and serotonin levels, and a decrease in the level of ceruloplasmin were noted. An ultrasound examination of the liver revealed an increase in the anteroposterior size of the right lobe in the group of experienced workers who were in contact with VC, compared with the control (p = 0.03). 

Discussion. Among the indices of lipid metabolism, pro-atherogenic cholesterol fractions are a more sensitive marker, reflecting the degree of exposure to VC. A decrease in the concentration of ceruloplasmin is probably associated with a weakening of the antioxidant defense mechanisms with an increase in the level of TEL. Increased serotonin levels in individuals with extremely high levels of TEL, confirms the prevalence of cognitive impairment in this group. In the group of individuals with extremely high levels of TEL, a statistically significant increase in LDL cholesterol, IA, a decrease in ceruloplasmin concentration, an increase in serotonin serum levels due to impaired metabolic and protective functions of the liver as a result of prolonged contact with VC were noted.

Introduction. The study investigated the association between polymorphic loci of xenobiotics biotransformation genes and the development of the chronic mercury intoxication (CMI) in a cohort of 120 former male workers of caustic soda production plant, who had been chronically exposed to mercury vapor. 

Material and methods. The polymorphic variants of CYP1A1 (+462Ile/Val, rs1048943), CYP1A2*F (-163C/A, rs762551), CYP2E1 (+1053C/T, rs2031920), GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were studied. The workers were divided into two groups: group 1 included 46 subjects who had contact with mercury but without the diagnosis of CMI; group 2 consisted of 74 patients in the remote period of CMI. Two-tailed Fisher’s exact test was used to estimate group differences in allele and genotype frequencies, as well as the logistic regression analysis for 4 genetic models to detect associations of studied polymorphic loci along with the development of CMI. 

Results. The prevalence of IleVal heterozygote in group of workers without the disease (group 1, n = 46) was found to be higher (p = 0.01) if compared to patients with CMI diagnosis (group 2, n = 74), and there was revealed also the inverse association between IleVal-CYP1A1 (+ 462Ile/Val) genotype and the development of CMI (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.48, p <0.001). The lack of carriers of ValVal homozygotes in the examined cohort was determined. Such data show the IleVal genotype to be a marker of resistance to disease development. 

Conclusion. The obtained results indicate that the polymorphic locus CYP1A1 (+ 462 Ile/Val) could be significant in the mechanisms of CMI development which promotes the search for effective criteria for assessing individual’s susceptibility and the risk of the development of this pathology.

Introduction. Hygienic studies in the production of polyvinyl chloride showed vinyl chloride to be the main adverse factor affecting workers. Many years of clinical investigations of employees of “East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research” proved the formation of the initial manifestations of chronic intoxication with vinyl chloride with the damage to the nervous system in a few years from the beginning of production in contact with the toxicant, the marked dependence of the risk of violations of workers health from exposure value toxic load (EVTL). Currently, the study of changes in neurological indices depending on the level of the toxic exposure load is very relevant. Based on the mentioned above, the aim of the study was to identify the characteristics of the state of the central and peripheral conductive structures in the intermediate workers of the production of vinyl chloride taking into account the toxic exposure of the load.

Material and methods. A group of stair workers contacting with vinyl chloride was examined. There were observed 42 males of the mean age of 49.2±4.4 years, the average duration of the exposure to vinyl chloride was 18.1±5.6 years. Examined cases were distributed into two groups: 1 group included 31 workers with a moderate extent of EVTL, 2 group consisted of 11 persons with extremely high EVTL. The control group included 30 male employees, matched for the age without exposure to occupational harmful impacts. The concentration of vinyl chloride was determined in the blood samples of the observed patients, somatosensory evoked potentials were registered and stimulation electroneuromyography was performed according to the conventional method.

Results. The study showed changes in individuals with a higher EVTL value. Changes in the functional state of neurons in the brain stem were revealed. At the periphery level, there were more noted more pronounced alterations in the functional state of the motor and the sensory axons of the cubital and tibial nerve. The established relationship between the EVTL value in exposed workers, and the pronouncement of the studied indices characterizing the state of the central the periphery, conductive structures, allows speaking about the dependence of the lattters on conditions existing in the production of polyvinyl chloride.

Introduction. People spend most of the time in rooms, where the air quality can differ in the atmospheric content of pollutants. 

The aim of the study is to evaluate the contribution of indoor air pollution to the formation of risks of immune disorders in adolescents in the case of multi-route administration of immunotropic compounds. 

Material and Methods. The study included 520 adolescents aged 12-17 years living in industrial centers with chemical and petrochemical industry enterprises and exposed to industrial emissions of the rural settlement. The content of chemical ingredients is studied in the atmospheric air, the air in residential and educational premises. Inhalation personalized hazard indices (PHIs) of immunity disorders for adolescents are calculated. 

Results. PHIs disorders of the immune system due to air pollution vary in the range from 0.87 to 3.91 with the multi-route intake of pollutants. PHIs immunity disorders due to air pollution are in the range of 0.7-1.1. PHIs, caused by exposure to indoor air pollutant, reached a value of 2.3 in a city with a central gas supply and a rural settlement with stove heating. Pollution of the air environment of classrooms has the least impact on the formation of risks of immunity disorders, due to them PHIs <0.22. 

Discussion. Since the intensity of the impact of chemical compounds on the body of adolescents is greatest under the influence of the indoor air, it is necessary to carry out activities aimed at improving its quality. 

Conclusion. Adolescents living in urbanized and rural areas are exposed to the increased danger of immune disorders due to the air pollution in out-door and in-door the premises.

Introduction. In order to assess the alimentary risks, the accumulation of toxic and conditionally toxic chemical elements in the body, the nutrition of the inhabitants of Erdenet (Mongolia), working at the same ore mining and processing enterprise, was studied. 

Material and methods. The study involved 160 men aged 30-60 years, the average age was 41.2 ± 1.1 years. Evaluation of nutrition was executed using the questionnaire method on the basis of food diaries for 3 days. The content of chemical elements in water-food rations was calculated from the multi-element analysis of samples of local food products and drinking water, carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Calculation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk was carried out in accordance with the guidance of P 2.1.10.1920-04.

Results. The nutrition structure of the examinees is not well balanced, there is practically no fish and seafood, fresh vegetables and fruits in the diet. The daily diet provides an excessive supply of molybdenum, chromium, copper, sodium, manganese. The total index of non-carcinogenic danger associated with the entry into the body of 26 chemical elements in the composition of the water-food ration exceeds the safe level by 6.98 times, mainly due to phosphorus, copper, iron, zinc. The level of non-carcinogenic toxic and conditionally essential elements does not exceed 1 (0.59 and 0.12, respectively). The main contribution is made by the entry of toxicants with food (96.6%). Drinking water as a source of danger is important only for lead, aluminum, boron, nickel, and vanadium. Individual carcinogenic risk due to the intake of carcinogens with food (2.4 × 10^-4), as well as the total carcinogenic risk associated with oral route of admission (2.6 × 10^-4) is estimated as unacceptable for the general population. At the same time, chromium (95.8%) makes the main contribution to the level of total oral risk.

Conclusion. Possible sources of excess intake of these elements in the diet were discussed. There have been proposed measures to rationalize nutrition, which will ensure the prevention of major non-communicable diseases.

Introduction. Physical development is one of the informative indices characterizing the health of the child population and reflecting the adverse effects of various environmental factors.

Aim. To carry out a comparative assessment of physical development indices both in urban and rural schoolchildren in the Irkutsk region.

Material and methods. The total body dimensions were studied. 

Results. Urban schoolchildren differ from rural peers in large body length indices (p = 0.000) and smaller values of the circumference of the chest (p = 0.002). The body weight of urban and rural boys had similar values, except for the age groups 9 (p = 0,000), 12 (p = 0,000) and 16 years (p = 0,005). Rural schoolgirls outpaced urban peers by their body weight (р = 0,016). Some differences from general patterns characteristic for the given period of ontogenesis are revealed: in rural schoolchildren, three crosses of growth curves are established. Correlation ratio of body length indices with other total sizes showed schoolchildren to have signs of desynchronization of physical development processes in different age periods. 

Discussion. The materials of the study indicate the processes of formation of total body size of rural and urban schoolchildren to differ. An assessment of the correlation ratios of body length parameters with other total sizes showed schoolchildren in different age periods to show signs of desynchronization of physical development processes.

Introduction. High anthropogenic load in the industrialized regions poses a threat to the health of children. Atopic dermatitis (AD) takes one of the leading places in the overall structure of allergic diseases.

The purpose of the study was to substantiate preventive measures aimed at reducing the incidence of atopic dermatitis among children living in the territory of the industrially developed region and to evaluate their effectiveness. 

Material and methods. the analysis of the state of the environment and the incidence of allergodermatosis in children residing in the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region. Two groups of patients aged from 14 to 17 years (70) were selected to develop measures for the prevention of atopic dermatitis. The first group received intravenous laser irradiation of blood (ILRB) and traditional therapy, the second — only traditional treatment. Laboratory studies included indices of immune and antioxidant status. 

Results. The unfavorable trend in the prevalence of allergic skin diseases in children is presented: allergic dermatoses make up 44.5% (AD — 36.8%, eczema — 7.7%). The increase in severe and moderate forms of AD by 7% and 15% was noted. In this region statistically significant correlations between indices of the air pollution, drinking water, technogenic loading and level of the morbidity rate of skin, including (AD)(r=0,73-0,84) are revealed. Application of the ILRB in children with atopic dermatitis had a positive impact on the state of cellular immunity: the number of CD3+and CD8+ lymphocytes increased by 1.2-1.4 times, the level of IL-10 and IL-4 decreased by 1.5 times; humoral immunity (the number of patients with a positive effect on indices of IgA, IgM, IgE, CIC, was more than 80%); antioxidant status (MDA decreased by 1.3 times, the activity of serum catalase increased by 1.2 times). In general, there was an improvement in the clinical course of the skin damage process, an increase in terms of remission. During the six-month following-up of patients included in the study, in the ILRB group, only 20% had an exacerbation of the disease compared to 68% of the group receiving traditional treatment.

Introduction. Lead is one of the priority factors of the environment, highly hazardous to human health and causing the greatest concern due to the accumulation in the environment. The paper presents the results of the studying the influence of lead on genotoxicity and motor activity of posterity of white rats obtained from males exposed to lead acetate. 

The aim of the study was to explore the effects of lead acetate action on the behavior of the offspring of the first two generations of male albino rats and to reveal the genotoxic effect.

Material and methods. Male albino rats received daily lead acetate with drinking water for 7 weeks (60 mg/kg). Obtained after mating with intact females first generation offspring (males) were tested in an “open field” and the presence of DNA comets in the sex cells of the testes and nervous tissue was determined. Then the males were exposed to lead acetate in the same dose and after mating with intact females, the male offspring of the second generation was tested according to a similar scheme. In all animals receiving a lead, its content in blood and testes was determined. 

Results. The results of the conducted research showed that under the influence of lead acetate on male rats, the transgenerational effect was manifested in animals of the first two generations in the form of changes in the structure of behavior having a different orientation — a decrease in motor and research activity in the first generation and an increase in the second generation. The DNA comet study revealed no DNA damage in sperm cells in animals exposed to lead neither in their offspring. Along with this, the results of the study of the degree of DNA damage in animal brain cells showed a significant increase in DNA damage in the first generation after the exposure to lead. 

Discussion. The effect of lead acetate on adult male albino rats leads to the formation of disturbances in motor and research component of behavior and also causes an increase in DNA damage in brain cells in first and second generations.

Introduction. The methodology of studying the quality of life is one of the intensively developed scientific directions. 

The aim of the work is to assess the quality of life in the population of the region on the basis of multidimensional mathematical analysis of a wide range of environmental factors and living conditions.

Material and methods. The study was conducted on the example of the Irkutsk region. In order to establish the features of the formation of the quality of life under the influence of a wide range of environmental factors, methods of multivariate factor analysis have been used. At the first stage, the principal components analysis was applied. At the next stage, the analysis of the relationship between the eigenvalues of the main components and the index of the average life expectancy was carried out with the correlation-regression analysis.

Results. The most significant indices were established to positively characterize the improvement of the quality of life in the population of the region as follows: housing security and accessibility of housing, income, marriage and fertility rates, the level of pensions, the health system’s supply of human resources. Indices mostly reflecting the negative impact of the habitat on the quality of life are: the prevalence of syphilis, alcoholism, tuberculosis; number of abortions; the score of the migration outflow of the population; levels of poverty and unemployment; the level of water pollution; the score of social environment criminality; provision of the population with a bed fund, etc. There was an increase in the quality of life in the population of the region, accompanied by an increase in the average life expectancy of men and women in 1999-2014.

Discussion. The applied methodology is used in epidemiological and ecological studies by domestic and foreign authors. In studies with similar objects and subject of research, but using other methods of factor analysis, similar results were obtained.

Conclusion. The main vector of changes in the quality of life in the population of the region was the strongest clear correlation with individual socio-economic and demographic indices; the strongest inverse correlation was noted with the incidence rates of socially conditioned diseases, criminality, poverty, health system resources, etc.

Introduction. Changes in biochemical indices characterizing the state of lipid peroxidation processes – antioxidant protection and lipid metabolism are observed during the occupational contact with mercury. These changes play a certain pathogenic role in the formation of disorders in the nervous system during mercury intoxication. In this regard, the aim was to study the relationship between biochemical indices at different stages of the development of mercury intoxication to justify approaches to therapeutic and preventive measures. 

Material and methods. A prospective cohort examination of persons exposed to the mercury vapor with signs of disorders in the nervous system, patients with chronic mercury intoxication and working in contact with mercury more than 5 years without signs of pathology was carried out. To study the relationship of features between biochemical indices, the sum of the square of correlation relations between the indices was calculated, the ranks of the influence of the system components on other factors and their dependencies were determined. 

Results. The decline in the level of nitric oxide metabolites was found to be one of the initial, long-term persisting in the pathogenesis of biochemical abnormalities, formed due to the contact with mercury. The development of the nervous system pathology under the mercury influence is accompanied by a change in the ratio of pro- and anti- oxidative processes, lipid metabolism disorders have an independent pathogenic significance. The long-term period of the chronic mercury intoxication is characterized by the formation of complex relationships in the biochemical system, the presence of several closed subsystems, which include nitrogen oxide metabolites. 

Conclusion. Given peculiarities of systemic interactions between biochemical indices, determining the role of certain factors in the overall system, as well as the presence/absence and composition of subsystems, pathogenic approaches to the correction of metabolic disorders at various stages of the mercury intoxication formation should be different.