Flour enrichment and iron-deficiency anemia in the Kyrgyz Republic

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Abstract

Introduction. Poor nutrition is the main cause of nutrition-associated diseases, including iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). An enrichment of basic foods is the one of the most effective preventive measures among the population, especially women and children.

Materials and methods. A survey of 2,218 respondents was conducted to identify public awareness and consumption of enriched flour, of which 1,442 (65%) were women and 776 (35%) were men. The enrichment quality of 408 flour samples was determined according to GOST 26928-86. An epidemiological analysis of the long-term follow up on the prevalence and incidence rates was carried out for the period 2009–2019.

Results. According to the results of the survey, 5.7% of respondents did not know what the term “enriched flour” means, 68.3% consider it “safe flour enriched with vitamins and minerals”. The media were the main sources of information on enriched flour. The majority (30.9%) of the respondents noted the improvement of physical and mental development among the beneficial properties of enriched flour. According to the results of the analysis, 77.4% of Orion brand flour were found to have an underestimated iron content compared with the requirements of the Technical Regulation of the Kyrgyz Republic “On the safety of fortified flour”, 54.8% of Rola flour, 44.7% of Aliya flour. A retrospective analysis of the long-term trend in IDA for the period from 2010 to 2018 revealed a significant decline in the trend by 44.8% (in 2010 — 2373.3 per 100 thousand people, in 2018 —1311.0 per 100 thousand people) among adults and adolescents, and among children from 0 to 14 years of age by 18.4%.

Limitations. The study has potential limitations due to the lack of a comparative analysis of the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia in the population using enriched flour and without, and that not all brands of flour produced domestically and imported were subjected to a full study.

Conclusion. The enrichment of flour with micro-elements is one of the ways to provide functional nutrition. Flour fortification can contribute to strengthening the health of the nation by providing essential vitamins and minerals that are lacking in daily nutrition.

Contribution:

Kochkorova F.A. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing the text, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Toygombaeva V.S. — material processing, consulting, editing.

Esenamanova M.K., Kaliev M.T. — consulting, editing.

Kasymov O.T. — the concept and design of the study, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: November 11, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: April 08, 2022

About the authors

Feruza A. Kochkorova

Scientific and Production Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic; I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic

Author for correspondence.
Email: npopm@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1632-0063

MD, PhD, associate professor of the Department of Hygienic Disciplines, I.K. Akhunabaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, 720020, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.

e-mail: npopm@mail.ru

Kyrgyzstan

Vera S. Toygombaeva

I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8222-9834
Kyrgyzstan

Marina K. Esenamanova

I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6143-1686
Kyrgyzstan

Omor T. Kasymov

Scientific and Production Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3304-7409
Kyrgyzstan

Marat T. Kaliev

Scientific and Production Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6625-1548
Kyrgyzstan

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