Immunomodulatory Effects of Clozapine: More Than Just a Side Effect in Schizophrenia


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Аннотация

Recent evidence suggests a possible relationship between the immune system and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), as neuroinflammation appears to play a role in major psychiatric conditions. Neuroinflammation is as a broad concept representing a physiological protective response to infection or injury, but in some cases, especially if chronic, it may represent an expression of maladaptive processes, potentially driving to clinical dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Several studies are concurrently highlighting the importance of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in a huge number of neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as SSDs. A more fundamental phenomenon of maladaptive coupling of microglia may contribute to the genesis of dysfunctional brain inflammation involved in SSDs, from the onset of their neurophenomenological evolution. Clozapine and other antipsychotic drugs seem to express a provable immunomodulant effect and a more specific action on microglia, while neuroactive steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce some SSDs symptoms in add-on therapy. Given these theoretical premises, this article aims to summarize and interpret the available scientific evidence about psychotropic and anti-inflammatory drugs that could express an immunomodulant activity on microglia.

Об авторах

Andrea Amerio

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Luca Magnani

University of Genoa, University of Genoa

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Gabriele Arduino

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Fabio Fesce

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Renato de Filippis

Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Alberto Parise

Department of Geriatric-Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Alessandra Costanza

Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva (UNIGE)

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Khoa Nguyen

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Daniele Saverino

, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Domenico De Berardis

NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service for Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini"

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Andrea Aguglia

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Andrea Escelsior

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Gianluca Serafini

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Pasquale De Fazio

Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Mario Amore

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa

Email: info@benthamscience.net

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