Neurotensin and Neurotensin Receptors in Stress-related Disorders: Pathophysiology & Novel Drug Targets


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13-amino acid neuropeptide widely distributed in the CNS that has been involved in the pathophysiology of many neural and psychiatric disorders. There are three known neurotensin receptors (NTSRs), which mediate multiple actions, and form the neurotensinergic system in conjunction with NT. NTSR1 is the main mediator of NT, displaying effects in both the CNS and the periphery, while NTSR2 is mainly expressed in the brain and NTSR3 has a broader expression pattern. In this review, we bring together up-to-date studies showing an involvement of the neurotensinergic system in different aspects of the stress response and the main stress-related disorders, such as depression and anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its associated symptoms, such as fear memory and maternal separation, ethanol addiction, and substance abuse. Emphasis is put on gene, mRNA, and protein alterations of NT and NTSRs, as well as behavioral and pharmacological studies, leading to evidence-based suggestions on the implicated regulating mechanisms as well as their therapeutic exploitation. Stress responses and anxiety involve mainly NTSR1, but also NTSR2 and NTSR3. NTSR1 and NTSR3 are primarily implicated in depression, while NTSR2 and secondarily NTSR1 in PTSD. NTSR1 is interrelated with substance and drug abuse and NTSR2 with fear memory, while all NTSRs seem to be implicated in ethanol consumption. Some of the actions of NT and NTSRs in these pathological settings may be driven through interactions between NT and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) in their regulatory contribution, as well as by NT’s pro-inflammatory mediating actions.

About the authors

Grigorios Kyriatzis

Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Michel Khrestchatisky

Institute of Neurophysiopathology, INP, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Lotfi Ferhat

Institute of Neurophysiopathology, INP, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Ekaterini Chatzaki

Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

References

  1. Carraway, R.; Leeman, S.E. The isolation of a new hypotensive peptide, neurotensin, from bovine hypothalami. J. Biol. Chem., 1973, 248(19), 6854-6861. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43429-7 PMID: 4745447
  2. Kleczkowska, P.; Lipkowski, A.W. Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors: Characteristic, structure-activity relationship and pain modulation—A review. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2013, 716(1-3), 54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.004 PMID: 23500196
  3. Fuxe, K.; Euler, G.; Agnati, L.F.; Pich, M.; O’Connor, W.T.; Tanganelli, S.; Li, X.M.; Tinner, B.; Cintra, A.; Carani, C.; Benfenati, F. Intramembrane interactions between neurotensin receptors and dopamine D2 receptors as a major mechanism for the neuroleptic-like action of neurotensin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 668(1 The Neurobiol), 186-204. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb27350.x PMID: 1361113
  4. Mustain, W.C.; Rychahou, P.G.; Evers, B.M. The role of neurotensin in physiologic and pathologic processes. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes., 2011, 18(1), 75-82. doi: 10.1097/MED.0b013e3283419052 PMID: 21124211
  5. Boules, M.; Li, Z.; Smith, K.; Fredrickson, P.; Richelson, E. Diverse roles of neurotensin agonists in the central nervous system. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2013, 4, 36. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00036 PMID: 23526754
  6. Bean, A.J.; During, M.J.; Roth, R.H. Stimulation-induced release of coexistent transmitters in the prefrontal cortex: An in vivo microdialysis study of dopamine and neurotensin release. J. Neurochem., 1989, 53(2), 655-657. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07384.x PMID: 2568407
  7. Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J.; Kitabgi, P. Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 1999, 20(7), 302-309. doi: 10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01357-7 PMID: 10390649
  8. Kitabgi, P. Functional domains of the subtype 1 neurotensin receptor (NTS1). Peptides, 2006, 27(10), 2461-2468. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.02.013 PMID: 16901586
  9. St-Gelais, F.; Jomphe, C.; Trudeau, L.E. The role of neurotensin in central nervous system pathophysiology: what is the evidence? J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 2006, 31(4), 229-245. PMID: 16862241
  10. Sharma, R.P.; Janicak, P.G.; Bissette, G.; Nemeroff, C.B. CSF neurotensin concentrations and antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1997, 154(7), 1019-1021. doi: 10.1176/ajp.154.7.1019 PMID: 9210757
  11. Hawkins, M.F.; Barkemeyer, C.A.; Tulley, R.T. Synergistic effects of dopamine agonists and centrally administered neurotensin on feeding. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1986, 24(5), 1195-1201. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90170-X PMID: 3725825
  12. Hernandez-Chan, N.G.; Bannon, M.J.; Orozco-Barrios, C.E.; Escobedo, L.; Zamudio, S.; De la Cruz, F.; Gongora-Alfaro, J.L.; Armendáriz-Borunda, J.; Reyes-Corona, D.; Espadas-Alvarez, A.J.; Flores-Martínez, Y.M.; Ayala-Davila, J.; Hernandez-Gutierrez, M.E.; Pavón, L.; García-Villegas, R.; Nadella, R.; Martinez-Fong, D. Neurotensin-polyplex-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene delivery into nigral dopamine neurons prevents nigrostriatal degeneration in a rat model of early Parkinson’s disease. J. Biomed. Sci., 2015, 22(1), 59. doi: 10.1186/s12929-015-0166-7 PMID: 26198255
  13. Ouyang, Q.; Gong, X.; Xiao, H.; Zhou, J.; Xu, M.; Dai, Y.; Xu, L.; Feng, H.; Cui, H.; Yi, L. Neurotensin promotes the progression of malignant glioma through NTSR1 and impacts the prognosis of glioma patients. Mol. Cancer, 2015, 14(1), 21. doi: 10.1186/s12943-015-0290-8 PMID: 25644759
  14. Martin, L.; Ibrahim, M.; Gomez, K.; Yu, J.; Cai, S.; Chew, L.A.; Bellampalli, S.S.; Moutal, A.; Largent-Milnes, T.; Porreca, F.; Khanna, R.; Olivera, B.M.; Patwardhan, A. Conotoxin contulakin-G engages a neurotensin receptor 2/R-type calcium channel (Cav2.3) pathway to mediate spinal antinociception. Pain, 2022, 163(9), 1751-1762. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002561 PMID: 35050960
  15. Torup, L.; Borsdal, J.; Sager, T. Neuroprotective effect of the neurotensin analogue JMV-449 in a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral ischaemia. Neurosci. Lett., 2003, 351(3), 173-176. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.008 PMID: 14623134
  16. Lee, H.K.; Zhang, L.; Smith, M.D.; White, H.S.; Bulaj, G. Glycosylated neurotensin analogues exhibit sub-picomolar anticonvulsant potency in a pharmacoresistant model of epilepsy. ChemMedChem, 2009, 4(3), 400-405. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.200800421 PMID: 19173215
  17. Clynen, E.; Swijsen, A.; Raijmakers, M.; Hoogland, G.; Rigo, J.M. Neuropeptides as targets for the development of anticonvulsant drugs. Mol. Neurobiol., 2014, 50(2), 626-646. doi: 10.1007/s12035-014-8669-x PMID: 24705860
  18. Nemeroff, C.B.; Bissette, G.; Manberg, P.J.; Osbahr, A.J., III; Breese, G.R.; Prange, A.J. Jr Neurotensin-induced hypothermia: Evidence for an interaction with dopaminergic systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroids axis. Brain Res., 1980, 195(1), 69-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90867-7 PMID: 6446951
  19. Popp, E.; Schneider, A.; Vogel, P.; Teschendorf, P.; Böttiger, B.W. Time course of the hypothermic response to continuously administered neurotensin. Neuropeptides, 2007, 41(5), 349-354. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.06.002 PMID: 17655926
  20. Babcock, A.M.; Baker, D.A.; Hallock, N.L.; Lovec, R.; Lynch, W.C.; Peccia, J.C. Neurotensin-induced hypothermia prevents hippocampal neuronal damage and increased locomotor activity in ischemic gerbils. Brain Res. Bull., 1993, 32(4), 373-378. doi: 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90202-M PMID: 8221127
  21. Petrie, K.A.; Schmidt, D.; Bubser, M.; Fadel, J.; Carraway, R.E.; Deutch, A.Y. Neurotensin activates GABAergic interneurons in the prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci., 2005, 25(7), 1629-1636. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3579-04.2005 PMID: 15716398
  22. da Silva, L.; Neves, B.M.; Moura, L.; Cruz, M.T.; Carvalho, E. Neurotensin downregulates the pro-inflammatory properties of skin dendritic cells and increases epidermal growth factor expression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res., 2011, 1813(10), 1863-1871. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.018 PMID: 21767580
  23. Rock, S.A.; Jiang, K.; Wu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Weiss, H.L.; Wang, C.; Jia, J.; Gao, T.; Evers, B.M. Neurotensin regulates proliferation and stem cell function in the small intestine in a nutrient-dependent manner. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2022, 13(2), 501-516. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.006 PMID: 34560309
  24. Li, J.; Song, J.; Zaytseva, Y.Y.; Liu, Y.; Rychahou, P.; Jiang, K.; Starr, M.E.; Kim, J.T.; Harris, J.W.; Yiannikouris, F.B.; Katz, W.S.; Nilsson, P.M.; Orho-Melander, M.; Chen, J.; Zhu, H.; Fahrenholz, T.; Higashi, R.M.; Gao, T.; Morris, A.J.; Cassis, L.A.; Fan, T.W.M.; Weiss, H.L.; Dobner, P.R.; Melander, O.; Jia, J.; Evers, B.M. An obligatory role for neurotensin in high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Nature, 2016, 533(7603), 411-415. doi: 10.1038/nature17662 PMID: 27193687
  25. Wouters, Y.; Jaspers, T.; De Strooper, B.; Dewilde, M. Identification and in vivo characterization of a brain-penetrating nanobody. Fluids Barriers CNS, 2020, 17(1), 62. doi: 10.1186/s12987-020-00226-z PMID: 33054787
  26. Checler, F.; Vincent, J.P.; Kitabgi, P. Purification and characterization of a novel neurotensin-degrading peptidase from rat brain synaptic membranes. J. Biol. Chem., 1986, 261(24), 11274-11281. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)67379-X PMID: 3525564
  27. Vincent, J.P. Neurotensin receptors: Binding properties, transduction pathways, and structure. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 1995, 15(5), 501-512. doi: 10.1007/BF02071313 PMID: 8719037
  28. Mazella, J. Sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3: A new tool to investigate neurotensin signaling and cellular trafficking? Cell. Signal., 2001, 13(1), 1-6. doi: 10.1016/S0898-6568(00)00130-3 PMID: 11257441
  29. Tanaka, K.; Masu, M.; Nakanishi, S. Structure and functional expression of the cloned rat neurotensin receptor. Neuron, 1990, 4(6), 847-854. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90137-5 PMID: 1694443
  30. Chalon, P.; Vita, N.; Kaghad, M.; Guillemot, M.; Bonnin, J.; Delpech, B.; Le Fur, G.; Ferrara, P.; Caput, D. Molecular cloning of a levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin binding site. FEBS Lett., 1996, 386(2-3), 91-94. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00397-3 PMID: 8647296
  31. Vita, N.; Laurent, P.; Lefort, S.; Chalon, P.; Dumont, X.; Kaghad, M.; Gully, D.; Le Fur, G.; Ferrara, P.; Caput, D. Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a high affinity human neurotensin receptor. FEBS Lett., 1993, 317(1-2), 139-142. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81509-X PMID: 8381365
  32. Laurent, P.; Clerc, P.; Mattei, M.G.; Forgez, P.; Dumont, X.; Ferrara, P.; Caput, D.; Rostene, W. Chromosomal localization of mouse and human neurotensin receptor genes. Mamm. Genome, 1994, 5(5), 303-306. doi: 10.1007/BF00389545 PMID: 8075503
  33. Rioux, F.; Kérouac, R.; Quirion, R.; St-Pierre, S. Mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of neurotensin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1982, 400(1), 56-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31560.x PMID: 6963116
  34. Roussy, G.; Dansereau, M.A.; Doré-Savard, L.; Belleville, K.; Beaudet, N.; Richelson, E.; Sarret, P. Spinal NTS1 receptors regulate nociceptive signaling in a rat formalin tonic pain model. J. Neurochem., 2008, 105(4), 1100-1114. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05205.x PMID: 18182046
  35. Ramirez-Virella, J.; Leinninger, G.M. The role of central neurotensin in regulating feeding and body weight. Endocrinology, 2021, 162(5), bqab038. doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqab038 PMID: 33599716
  36. Nikolaou, S.; Qiu, S.; Fiorentino, F.; Simillis, C.; Rasheed, S.; Tekkis, P.; Kontovounisios, C. The role of neurotensin and its receptors in non-gastrointestinal cancers: A review. Cell Commun. Signal., 2020, 18(1), 68. doi: 10.1186/s12964-020-00569-y PMID: 32336282
  37. Pettibone, D.J.; Hess, J.F.; Hey, P.J.; Jacobson, M.A.; Leviten, M.; Lis, E.V.; Mallorga, P.J.; Pascarella, D.M.; Snyder, M.A.; Williams, J.B.; Zeng, Z. The effects of deleting the mouse neurotensin receptor NTR1 on central and peripheral responses to neurotensin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300(1), 305-313. doi: 10.1124/jpet.300.1.305 PMID: 11752130
  38. Opland, D.; Sutton, A.; Woodworth, H.; Brown, J.; Bugescu, R.; Garcia, A.; Christensen, L.; Rhodes, C.; Myers, M., Jr; Leinninger, G. Loss of neurotensin receptor-1 disrupts the control of the mesolimbic dopamine system by leptin and promotes hedonic feeding and obesity. Mol. Metab., 2013, 2(4), 423-434. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.07.008 PMID: 24327958
  39. Yamada, M.; Bolden-Watson, C.; Watson, M.A.; Cho, T.; Coleman, N.J.; Yamada, M.; Richelson, E. Regulation of neurotensin receptor mRNA expression by the receptor antagonist SR 48692 in the rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 1995, 33(2), 343-346. doi: 10.1016/0169-328X(95)00094-9 PMID: 8750895
  40. Turner, J.T.; James-Kracke, M.R.; Camden, J.M. Regulation of the neurotensin receptor and intracellular calcium mobilization in HT29 cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1990, 253(3), 1049-1056. PMID: 2162944
  41. Najimi, M.; Maloteaux, J.M.; Hermans, E. Cytoskeleton-related trafficking of the EAAC1 glutamate transporter after activation of the G q/11 -coupled neurotensin receptor NTS1. FEBS Lett., 2002, 523(1-3), 224-228. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02981-2 PMID: 12123836
  42. Gully, D.; Labeeuw, B.; Boigegrain, R.; Oury-Donat, F.; Bachy, A.; Poncelet, M.; Steinberg, R.; Suaud-Chagny, M.F.; Santucci, V.; Vita, N.; Pecceu, F.; Labbé-Jullié, C.; Kitabgi, P.; Soubrié, P.; Le Fur, G.; Maffrand, J.P. Biochemical and pharmacological activities of SR 142948A, a new potent neurotensin receptor antagonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1997, 280(2), 802-812. PMID: 9023294
  43. Kreitel, K.D.; Swisher, C.B.; Behbehani, M.M. The effects of diphenhydramine and SR142948A on periaqueductal gray neurons and on the interactions between the medial preoptic nucleus and the periaqueductal gray. Neuroscience, 2002, 114(4), 935-943. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00360-3 PMID: 12379249
  44. Hermans, E.; Maloteaux, J.M. Mechanisms of regulation of neurotensin receptors. Pharmacol. Ther., 1998, 79(2), 89-104. doi: 10.1016/S0163-7258(98)00009-6 PMID: 9749878
  45. Chabry, J.; Botto, J.M.; Nouel, D.; Beaudet, A.; Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J. Thr-422 and Tyr-424 residues in the carboxyl terminus are critical for the internalization of the rat neurotensin receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270(6), 2439-2442. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.6.2439 PMID: 7852303
  46. Besserer-Offroy, É.; Brouillette, R.L.; Lavenus, S.; Froehlich, U.; Brumwell, A.; Murza, A.; Longpré, J.M.; Marsault, É.; Grandbois, M.; Sarret, P.; Leduc, R. The signaling signature of the neurotensin type 1 receptor with endogenous ligands. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2017, 805, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.046 PMID: 28341345
  47. Mazella, J.; Botto, J.M.; Guillemare, E.; Coppola, T.; Sarret, P.; Vincent, J.P. Structure, functional expression, and cerebral localization of the levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin/neuromedin N receptor from mouse brain. J. Neurosci., 1996, 16(18), 5613-5620. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-18-05613.1996 PMID: 8795617
  48. Sun, Y.J.; Maeno, H.; Aoki, S.; Wada, K. Mouse neurotensin receptor 2 gene (Ntsr2): Genomic organization, transcriptional regulation and genetic mapping on chromosome 12. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 2001, 95(1-2), 167-171. doi: 10.1016/S0169-328X(01)00220-0 PMID: 11687289
  49. Schotte, A.; Leysen, J.E.; Laduron, P.M. Evidence for a displaceable non-specific 3Hneurotensin binding site in rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 1986, 333(4), 400-405. doi: 10.1007/BF00500016 PMID: 3022160
  50. Asselin, M.L.; Dubuc, I.; Coquerel, A.; Costentin, J. Localization of neurotensin NTS2 receptors in rat brain, using 3Hlevocabastine. Neuroreport, 2001, 12(5), 1087-1091. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200104170-00044 PMID: 11303751
  51. Sarret, P.; Perron, A.; Stroh, T.; Beaudet, A. Immunohistochemical distribution of NTS2 neurotensin receptors in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol., 2003, 461(4), 520-538. doi: 10.1002/cne.10718 PMID: 12746866
  52. Mitra, S.P. Neurotensin and Neurotensin Receptors in health and diseases: A brief review. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys., 2017, 54(1&2), 7-23.
  53. Kyriatzis, G.; Bernard, A.; Bôle, A.; Pflieger, G.; Chalas, P.; Masse, M.; Lécorché, P.; Jacquot, G.; Ferhat, L.; Khrestchatisky, M. Neurotensin receptor 2 is induced in astrocytes and brain endothelial cells in relation to neuroinflammation following pilocarpine‐induced seizures in rats. Glia, 2021, 69(11), 2618-2643. doi: 10.1002/glia.24062 PMID: 34310753
  54. Sarret, P.; Beaudet, A.; Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J. Regional and cellular distribution of low affinity neurotensin receptor mRNA in adult and developing mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol., 1998, 394(3), 344-356. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980511)394:33.0.CO;2-1 PMID: 9579398
  55. Walker, N.; Lepee-Lorgeoux, I.; Fournier, J.; Betancur, C.; Rostene, W.; Ferrara, P.; Caput, D. Tissue distribution and cellular localization of the levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin receptor mRNA in adult rat brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 1998, 57(2), 193-200. doi: 10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00074-6 PMID: 9675417
  56. Woodworth, H.L; Perez-Bonilla, P.A; Beekly, B.G.; Lewis, T.J.; Leinninger, G.M. Identification of neurotensin receptor expressing cells in the ventral tegmental area across the lifespan. eNeuro, 2018, 5(1), eCollection.
  57. Nouel, D.; Faure, M.P.; St Pierre, J.A.; Alonso, R.; Quirion, R.; Beaudet, A. Differential binding profile and internalization process of neurotensin via neuronal and glial receptors. J. Neurosci., 1997, 17(5), 1795-1803. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-05-01795.1997 PMID: 9030638
  58. Wu, Z.; Martinez-Fong, D.; Trédaniel, J.; Forgez, P. Neurotensin and its high affinity receptor 1 as a potential pharmacological target in cancer therapy. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2013, 3, 184. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00184 PMID: 23335914
  59. Richard, F.; Barroso, S.; Martinez, J.; Labbé-Jullié, C.; Kitabgi, P. Agonism, inverse agonism, and neutral antagonism at the constitutively active human neurotensin receptor 2. Mol. Pharmacol., 2001, 60(6), 1392-1398. doi: 10.1124/mol.60.6.1392 PMID: 11723247
  60. Sarret, P.; Gendron, L.; Kilian, P.; Nguyen, H.M.K.; Gallo-Payet, N.; Payet, M.D.; Beaudet, A. Pharmacology and functional properties of NTS2 neurotensin receptors in cerebellar granule cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277(39), 36233-36243. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M202586200 PMID: 12084713
  61. Gendron, L.; Perron, A.; Payet, M.D.; Gallo-Payet, N.; Sarret, P.; Beaudet, A. Low-affinity neurotensin receptor (NTS2) signaling: Internalization-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2. Mol. Pharmacol., 2004, 66(6), 1421-1430. doi: 10.1124/mol.104.002303 PMID: 15361549
  62. Mazella, J.; Vincent, J.P. Internalization and recycling properties of neurotensin receptors. Peptides, 2006, 27(10), 2488-2492. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.02.012 PMID: 16901585
  63. Ayala-Sarmiento, A.E.; Martinez-Fong, D.; Segovia, J. The internalization of neurotensin by the low-affinity neurotensin receptors (NTSR2 and vNTSR2) activates ERK 1/2 in glioma cells and allows neurotensin-polyplex transfection of tGAS1. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 2015, 35(6), 785-795. doi: 10.1007/s10571-015-0172-z PMID: 25772140
  64. Debaigt, C.; Hirling, H.; Steiner, P.; Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J. Crucial role of neuron-enriched endosomal protein of 21 kDa in sorting between degradation and recycling of internalized G-protein-coupled receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(34), 35687-35691. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M402751200 PMID: 15187090
  65. Martin, S.; Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J. Recycling ability of the mouse and the human neurotensin type 2 receptors depends on a single tyrosine residue. J. Cell Sci., 2002, 115(1), 165-173. doi: 10.1242/jcs.115.1.165 PMID: 11801734
  66. Zsürger, N.; Mazella, J.; Vincent, J.P. Solubilization and purification of a high affinity neurotensin receptor from newborn human brain. Brain Res., 1994, 639(2), 245-252. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91737-X PMID: 8205478
  67. Marcusson, E.G.; Horazdovsky, B.F.; Cereghino, J.L.; Gharakhanian, E.; Emr, S.D. The sorting receptor for yeast vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y is encoded by the VPS10 gene. Cell, 1994, 77(4), 579-586. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90219-4 PMID: 8187177
  68. Willnow, T.E.; Petersen, C.M.; Nykjaer, A. VPS10P-domain receptors — regulators of neuronal viability and function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2008, 9(12), 899-909. doi: 10.1038/nrn2516 PMID: 19002190
  69. Chabry, J.; Gaudriault, G.; Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J. Implication of various forms of neurotensin receptors in the mechanism of internalization of neurotensin in cerebral neurons. J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268(23), 17138-17144. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85313-9 PMID: 8394329
  70. Martin, S.; Dicou, E.; Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J. Neurotensin and the neurotensin receptor-3 in microglial cells. J. Neurosci. Res., 2005, 81(3), 322-326. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20477 PMID: 15957186
  71. Patel, A.B.; Tsilioni, I.; Leeman, S.E.; Theoharides, T.C. Neurotensin stimulates sortilin and mTOR in human microglia inhibitable by methoxyluteolin, a potential therapeutic target for autism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2016, 113(45), E7049-E7058. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1604992113 PMID: 27663735
  72. Dal Farra, C.; Sarret, P.; Navarro, V.; Botto, J.M.; Mazella, J.; Vincent, J.P. Involvement of the neurotensin receptor subtype NTR3 in the growth effect of neurotensin on cancer cell lines. Int. J. Cancer, 2001, 92(4), 503-509. doi: 10.1002/ijc.1225 PMID: 11304684
  73. Martin, S.; Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J. Involvement of the neurotensin receptor-3 in the neurotensin-induced migration of human microglia. J. Neurosci., 2003, 23(4), 1198-1205. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01198.2003 PMID: 12598608
  74. Dicou, E.; Vincent, J.P.; Mazella, J. Neurotensin receptor-3/sortilin mediates neurotensin-induced cytokine/chemokine expression in a murine microglial cell line. J. Neurosci. Res., 2004, 78(1), 92-99. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20231 PMID: 15372498
  75. Petersen, C.M.; Nielsen, M.S.; Nykjær, A.; Jacobsen, L.; Tommerup, N.; Rasmussen, H.H. RØigaard, H.; Gliemann, J.Ø.; Madsen, P.; Moestrup, S.Ø.K. Molecular identification of a novel candidate sorting receptor purified from human brain by receptor-associated protein affinity chromatography. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272(6), 3599-3605. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.6.3599 PMID: 9013611
  76. Morris, N.J.; Ross, S.A.; Lane, W.S.; Moestrup, S.K.; Petersen, C.M.; Keller, S.R.; Lienhard, G.E. Sortilin is the major 110-kDa protein in GLUT4 vesicles from adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273(6), 3582-3587. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3582 PMID: 9452485
  77. Sarret, P.; Krzywkowski, P.; Segal, L.; Nielsen, M.S.; Petersen, C.M.; Mazella, J.; Stroh, T.; Beaudet, A. Distribution of NTS3 receptor/sortilin mRNA and protein in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol., 2003, 461(4), 483-505. doi: 10.1002/cne.10708 PMID: 12746864
  78. Hassan, A.J.; Zeng, J.; Ni, X.; Morales, C.R. The trafficking of prosaposin (SGP-1) and GM2AP to the lysosomes of TM4 sertoli cells is mediated by sortilin and monomeric adaptor proteins. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 2004, 68(4), 476-483. doi: 10.1002/mrd.20096 PMID: 15236333
  79. Nykjaer, A.; Lee, R.; Teng, K.K.; Jansen, P.; Madsen, P.; Nielsen, M.S.; Jacobsen, C.; Kliemannel, M.; Schwarz, E.; Willnow, T.E.; Hempstead, B.L.; Petersen, C.M. Sortilin is essential for proNGF-induced neuronal cell death. Nature, 2004, 427(6977), 843-848. doi: 10.1038/nature02319 PMID: 14985763
  80. Teng, H.K.; Teng, K.K.; Lee, R.; Wright, S.; Tevar, S.; Almeida, R.D.; Kermani, P.; Torkin, R.; Chen, Z.Y.; Lee, F.S.; Kraemer, R.T.; Nykjaer, A.; Hempstead, B.L. ProBDNF induces neuronal apoptosis via activation of a receptor complex of p75NTR and sortilin. J. Neurosci., 2005, 25(22), 5455-5463. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5123-04.2005 PMID: 15930396
  81. Fauchais, A.L.; Lalloué, F.; Lise, M.C.; Boumediene, A.; Preud’homme, J.L.; Vidal, E.; Jauberteau, M.O. Role of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor and sortilin in B cell survival. J. Immunol., 2008, 181(5), 3027-3038. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3027 PMID: 18713973
  82. Coutinho, M.F.; Bourbon, M.; Prata, M.J.; Alves, S. Sortilin and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Rev. Port. Cardiol., 2013, 32(10), 793-799. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2013.02.006 PMID: 23910371
  83. Biscetti, F.; Nardella, E.; Rando, M.M.; Cecchini, A.L.; Bonadia, N.; Bruno, P.; Angelini, F.; Di Stasi, C.; Contegiacomo, A.; Santoliquido, A.; Pitocco, D.; Landolfi, R.; Flex, A. Sortilin levels correlate with major cardiovascular events of diabetic patients with peripheral artery disease following revascularization: A prospective study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2020, 19(1), 147. doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01123-3 PMID: 32977814
  84. Schneiderman, N.; Ironson, G.; Siegel, S.D. Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2005, 1(1), 607-628. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 PMID: 17716101
  85. Smoller, J.W. The genetics of stress-related disorders: PTSD, depression, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2016, 41(1), 297-319. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.266 PMID: 26321314
  86. Santomauro, D.F.; Mantilla Herrera, A.M.; Shadid, J.; Zheng, P.; Ashbaugh, C.; Pigott, D.M.; Abbafati, C.; Adolph, C.; Amlag, J.O.; Aravkin, A.Y.; Bang-Jensen, B.L.; Bertolacci, G.J.; Bloom, S.S.; Castellano, R.; Castro, E.; Chakrabarti, S.; Chattopadhyay, J.; Cogen, R.M.; Collins, J.K.; Dai, X.; Dangel, W.J.; Dapper, C.; Deen, A.; Erickson, M.; Ewald, S.B.; Flaxman, A.D.; Frostad, J.J.; Fullman, N.; Giles, J.R.; Giref, A.Z.; Guo, G.; He, J.; Helak, M.; Hulland, E.N.; Idrisov, B.; Lindstrom, A.; Linebarger, E.; Lotufo, P.A.; Lozano, R.; Magistro, B.; Malta, D.C.; Månsson, J.C.; Marinho, F.; Mokdad, A.H.; Monasta, L.; Naik, P.; Nomura, S.; O’Halloran, J.K.; Ostroff, S.M.; Pasovic, M.; Penberthy, L.; Reiner, R.C., Jr; Reinke, G.; Ribeiro, A.L.P.; Sholokhov, A.; Sorensen, R.J.D.; Varavikova, E.; Vo, A.T.; Walcott, R.; Watson, S.; Wiysonge, C.S.; Zigler, B.; Hay, S.I.; Vos, T.; Murray, C.J.L.; Whiteford, H.A.; Ferrari, A.J. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet, 2021, 398(10312), 1700-1712. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7 PMID: 34634250
  87. Gradus, J. Prevalence and prognosis of stress disorders: A review of the epidemiologic literature. Clin. Epidemiol., 2017, 9, 251-260. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S106250 PMID: 28496365
  88. Ellis, S.R.; Nguyen, M.; Vaughn, A.R.; Notay, M.; Burney, W.A.; Sandhu, S.; Sivamani, R.K. The skin and gut microbiome and its role in common dermatologic conditions. Microorganisms, 2019, 7(11), 550. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7110550 PMID: 31717915
  89. Kline, S.A.; Mega, M.S. Stress-induced neurodegeneration: The potential for coping as neuroprotective therapy. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen., 2020, 35, 1533317520960873. doi: 10.1177/1533317520960873 PMID: 32969239
  90. Song, H.; Sieurin, J.; Wirdefeldt, K.; Pedersen, N.L.; Almqvist, C.; Larsson, H.; Valdimarsdóttir, U.A.; Fang, F. Association of stress-related disorders with subsequent neurodegenerative diseases. JAMA Neurol., 2020, 77(6), 700-709. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0117 PMID: 32150226
  91. Dallé, E.; Mabandla, M.V. Early life stress, depression and Parkinson’s disease: A new approach. Mol. Brain, 2018, 11(1), 18. doi: 10.1186/s13041-018-0356-9 PMID: 29551090
  92. Corcoran, C.; Walker, E.; Huot, R.; Mittal, V.; Tessner, K.; Kestler, L.; Malaspina, D. The stress cascade and schizophrenia: Etiology and onset. Schizophr. Bull., 2003, 29(4), 671-692. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007038 PMID: 14989406
  93. Espinosa-Garcia, C.; Zeleke, H.; Rojas, A. Impact of stress on epilepsy: focus on neuroinflammation—a mini review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2021, 22(8), 4061. doi: 10.3390/ijms22084061 PMID: 33920037
  94. Toda, H.; Boku, S.; Nakagawa, S.; Inoue, T.; Kato, A.; Takamura, N.; Song, N.; Nibuya, M.; Koyama, T.; Kusumi, I. Maternal separation enhances conditioned fear and decreases the mRNA levels of the neurotensin receptor 1 gene with hypermethylation of this gene in the rat amygdala. PLoS One, 2014, 9(5), e97421. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097421 PMID: 24831231
  95. Zelikowsky, M.; Hersman, S.; Chawla, M.K.; Barnes, C.A.; Fanselow, M.S. Neuronal ensembles in amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex track differential components of contextual fear. J. Neurosci., 2014, 34(25), 8462-8466. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3624-13.2014 PMID: 24948801
  96. Fuchs, E.; Flügge, G. Experimental animal models for the simulation of depression and anxiety. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 2006, 8(3), 323-333. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.3/efuchs PMID: 17117614
  97. Normandeau, C.P.; Ventura-Silva, A.P.; Hawken, E.R.; Angelis, S.; Sjaarda, C.; Liu, X.; Pêgo, J.M.; Dumont, É.C. A Key role for neurotensin in chronic-stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018, 43(2), 285-293. doi: 10.1038/npp.2017.134 PMID: 28649992
  98. Seta, K.A.; Jansen, H.T.; Kreitel, K.D.; Lehman, M.; Behbehani, M.M. Cold water swim stress increases the expression of neurotensin mRNA in the lateral hypothalamus and medial preoptic regions of the rat brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 2001, 86(1-2), 145-152. doi: 10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00279-5 PMID: 11165381
  99. Lafrance, M.; Roussy, G.; Belleville, K.; Maeno, H.; Beaudet, N.; Wada, K.; Sarret, P. Involvement of NTS2 receptors in stress-induced analgesia. Neuroscience, 2010, 166(2), 639-652. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.042 PMID: 20035838
  100. Ollmann, T.; Péczely, L.; László, K.; Kovács, A.; Gálosi, R.; Kertes, E.; Kállai, V.; Zagorácz, O.; Karádi, Z.; Lénárd, L. Anxiolytic effect of neurotensin microinjection into the ventral pallidum. Behav. Brain Res., 2015, 294, 208-214. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.010 PMID: 26296669
  101. Carboni, L.; El Khoury, A.; Beiderbeck, D.I.; Neumann, I.D.; Mathé, A.A. Neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and neurokinin A in brain regions of HAB rats correlate with anxiety-like behaviours. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2022, 57, 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.12.011 PMID: 35008014
  102. Naganuma, F.; Kroeger, D.; Bandaru, S.S.; Absi, G.; Madara, J.C.; Vetrivelan, R. Lateral hypothalamic neurotensin neurons promote arousal and hyperthermia. PLoS Biol., 2019, 17(3), e3000172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000172 PMID: 30893297
  103. Azevedo, E.P.; Tan, B.; Pomeranz, L.E.; Ivan, V.; Fetcho, R.; Schneeberger, M.; Doerig, K.R.; Liston, C.; Friedman, J.M.; Stern, S.A. A limbic circuit selectively links active escape to food suppression. eLife, 2020, 9, e58894. doi: 10.7554/eLife.58894 PMID: 32894221
  104. Steele, F.F. III; White house, S.C.; Aday, J.S.; Prus, A.J. Neurotensin NTS1 and NTS2 receptor agonists produce anxiolytic-like effects in the 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalization model in rats. Brain Res., 2017, 1658, 31-35. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.012 PMID: 28089664
  105. Corley, K.C.; Phan, T.H.; Daugherty, W.P.; Boadle-Biber, M.C. Stress-induced activation of median raphe serotonergic neurons in rats is potentiated by the neurotensin antagonist, SR 48692. Neurosci. Lett., 2002, 319(1), 1-4. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02414-4 PMID: 11814639
  106. Fitzpatrick, K.; Winrow, C.J.; Gotter, A.L.; Millstein, J.; Arbuzova, J.; Brunner, J.; Kasarskis, A.; Vitaterna, M.H.; Renger, J.J.; Turek, F.W. Altered sleep and affect in the neurotensin receptor 1 knockout mouse. Sleep, 2012, 35(7), 949-956. doi: 10.5665/sleep.1958 PMID: 22754041
  107. Prus, A.J.; Hillhouse, T.M.; LaCrosse, A.L. Acute, but not repeated, administration of the neurotensin NTS1 receptor agonist PD149163 decreases conditioned footshock-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2014, 49, 78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.011 PMID: 24275076
  108. Griebel, G.; Moindrot, N.; Aliaga, C.; Simiand, J.; Soubrié, P. Characterization of the profile of neurokinin-2 and neurotensin receptor antagonists in the mouse defense test battery. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2001, 25(7-8), 619-626. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00045-8 PMID: 11801287
  109. Li, B.; Chang, L.L.; Xi, K. Neurotensin 1 receptor in the prelimbic cortex regulates anxiety-like behavior in rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2021, 104, 110011. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110011 PMID: 32561375
  110. Ma, H.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Jin, L.; Cong, Z.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Zhu, G. Neurotensin receptor 1 gene polymorphisms are associated with personality traits in healthy Chinese individuals. Neuropsychobiology, 2014, 69(1), 11-18. doi: 10.1159/000356966 PMID: 24401289
  111. Hou, I.C. Suzuki, C.; Kanegawa, N.; Oda, A.; Yamada, A.; Yoshikawa, M.; Yamada, D.; Sekiguchi, M.; Wada, E.; Wada, K.; Ohinata, K. β-Lactotensin derived from bovine β-lactoglobulin exhibits anxiolytic-like activity as an agonist for neurotensin NTS2 receptor via activation of dopamine D1 receptor in mice. J. Neurochem., 2011, 119(4), 785-790. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07472.x PMID: 21895659
  112. Yang, C.R.; Zhang, X.Y.; Liu, Y.; Du, J.Y.; Liang, R.; Yu, M.; Zhang, F.Q.; Mu, X.F.; Li, F.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, F.H.; Meng, F.J.; Wang, S.; Ming, D.; Zhou, X.F. Antidepressant drugs correct the imbalance between proBDNF/p75NTR/sortilin and mature BDNF/ TrkB in the brain of mice with chronic stress. Neurotox. Res., 2020, 37(1), 171-182. doi: 10.1007/s12640-019-00101-2 PMID: 31493120
  113. Mikhael, N.W.; Mansour, A.I.; Salah El Din, E.M.; El Azab, M.H.; Salem, R.M. Serum neurotensin: An objective mirror to acne-induced quality of life and psychological impairment. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol., 2021, 14(12), E69-E73. PMID: 35096258
  114. Sakumoto, R.; Hayashi, K.G.; Saito, S.; Kanahara, H.; Kizaki, K.; Iga, K. Comparison of the global gene expression profiles in the bovine endometrium between summer and autumn. J. Reprod. Dev., 2015, 61(4), 297-303. doi: 10.1262/jrd.2015-024 PMID: 25994242
  115. Plaza-Manzano, G.; Molina-Ortega, F.; Lomas-Vega, R.; Martínez-Amat, A.; Achalandabaso, A.; Hita-Contreras, F. Changes in biochemical markers of pain perception and stress response after spinal manipulation. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 2014, 44(4), 231-239. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2014.4996 PMID: 24450367
  116. Mathé, A.A.; Jimenez, P.A.; Theodorsson, E.; Stenfors, C. Neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A and neurotensin in brain regions of Fawn Hooded "depressed", wistar, and Sprague dawley rats. Effects of electroconvulsive stimuli. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 1998, 22(3), 529-546. doi: 10.1016/S0278-5846(98)00023-2 PMID: 9612849
  117. Ellenbroek, B.A.; Angelucci, F.; Husum, H.; Mathé, A.A. Gene-environment interactions in a rat model of depression. Maternal separation affects neurotensin in selected brain regions. Neuropeptides, 2016, 59, 83-88. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.05.001 PMID: 27372546
  118. Cervo, L.; Rossi, C.; Tatarczynska, E.; Samanin, R. Antidepressant-like effect of neurotensin administered in the ventral tegmental area in the forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1992, 109(3), 369-372. doi: 10.1007/BF02245885 PMID: 1365637
  119. Perez-Bonilla, P.; Santiago-Colon, K.; Matasovsky, J.; Ramirez-Virella, J.; Khan, R.; Garver, H.; Fink, G.; Dorrance, A.M.; Leinninger, G.M. Activation of ventral tegmental area neurotensin Receptor-1 neurons promotes weight loss. Neuropharmacology, 2021, 195, 108639. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108639 PMID: 34116109
  120. Glimcher, P.W.; Margolin, D.H.; Giovino, A.A.; Hoebel, B.G. Neurotensin: A new ‘reward peptide’. Brain Res., 1984, 291(1), 119-124. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90657-7 PMID: 6320951
  121. Woodworth, H.L.; Beekly, B.G.; Batchelor, H.M.; Bugescu, R.; Perez-Bonilla, P.; Schroeder, L.E.; Leinninger, G.M. Lateral hypothalamic neurotensin neurons orchestrate dual weight loss behaviors via distinct mechanisms. Cell Rep., 2017, 21(11), 3116-3128. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.068 PMID: 29241540
  122. Wölk, E.; Stengel, A.; Schaper, S.J.; Rose, M.; Hofmann, T. Neurotensin and xenin show positive correlations with perceived stress, anxiety, depressiveness and eating disorder symptoms in female obese patients. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 2021, 15, 629729. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.629729 PMID: 33664656
  123. Weiwei, Z.; Yan, Y.; Xiaohuan, G. Samuel In-young, K.; Ryan, C.; Modupe, L.; Thomas A, D.; Ling, W.; Shan, P.Y. Neuropsychological deficits chronically developed after focal ischemic stroke and beneficial effects of pharmacological hypothermia in the mouse. Aging Dis., 2020, 11(1), 1-16. doi: 10.14336/AD.2019.0507 PMID: 32010477
  124. Li, Z.; Boules, M.; Williams, K.; Gordillo, A.; Li, S.; Richelson, E. Similarities in the behavior and molecular deficits in the frontal cortex between the neurotensin receptor subtype 1 knockout mice and chronic phencyclidine-treated mice: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neurobiol. Dis., 2010, 40(2), 467-477. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.07.011 PMID: 20659557
  125. Carey, L.M.; Rice, R.J.; Prus, A.J. The neurotensin NTS1 receptor Agonist PD149163 produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test: further support for neurotensin as a novel pharmacologic strategy for antidepressant drugs. Drug Dev. Res., 2017, 78(5), 196-202. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21393 PMID: 28736839
  126. Mazella, J.; Borsotto, M.; Heurteaux, C. The involvement of sortilin/NTSR3 in depression as the progenitor of spadin and its role in the membrane expression of TREK-1. Front. Pharmacol., 2019, 9, 1541. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01541 PMID: 30670975
  127. Chen, S.; Gao, C.; Lv, Q.; Zhao, M.; Qin, X.; Liao, H. Sortilin deletion in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in mice via regulating ASM/ceramide signaling. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2022, 43(8), 1940-1954. doi: 10.1038/s41401-021-00823-0 PMID: 34931016
  128. Ruan, C.S.; Yang, C.R.; Li, J.Y.; Luo, H.Y.; Bobrovskaya, L.; Zhou, X.F. Mice with Sort1 deficiency display normal cognition but elevated anxiety-like behavior. Exp. Neurol., 2016, 281, 99-108. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.015 PMID: 27118371
  129. Biggins, J.A.; Perry, E.K.; McDermott, J.R.; Smith, A.I.; Perry, R.H.; Edwardson, J.A. Post mortem levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and neurotensin in the amygdala in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and depression. J. Neurol. Sci., 1983, 58(1), 117-122. doi: 10.1016/0022-510X(83)90114-4 PMID: 6405015
  130. Nemeroff, C.B.; Bissette, G.; Widerlov, E.; Beckmann, H.; Gerner, R.; Manberg, P.J.; Lindstrom, L.; Prange, A.J., Jr; Gattaz, W.F. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia, depression, anorexia nervosa-bulimia, and premenstrual syndrome. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 1989, 1(1), 16-20. doi: 10.1176/jnp.1.1.16 PMID: 2577718
  131. Kim, D.J.; Blossom, S.J.; Delgado, P.L.; Carbajal, J.M.; Cáceda, R. Examination of pain threshold and neuropeptides in patients with acute suicide risk. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2019, 95, 109705. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109705 PMID: 31326514
  132. Liu, Y.; Qu, H.Q.; Chang, X.; Qu, J.; Mentch, F.D.; Nguyen, K.; Tian, L.; Glessner, J.; Sleiman, P.M.A.; Hakonarson, H. Mutation burden analysis of six common mental disorders in African Americans by whole genome sequencing. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2022, 31(22), 3769-3776. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddac129 PMID: 35642741
  133. Buttenschøn, H.N.; Demontis, D.; Kaas, M.; Elfving, B.; Mølgaard, S.; Gustafsen, C.; Kaerlev, L.; Petersen, C.M.; Børglum, A.D.; Mors, O.; Glerup, S. Increased serum levels of sortilin are associated with depression and correlated with BDNF and VEGF. Transl. Psychiatry, 2015, 5(11), e677-e677. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.167 PMID: 26556286
  134. Roulot, M.; Minelli, A.; Bortolomasi, M.; Maffioletti, E.; Gennarelli, M.; Borsotto, M.; Heurteaux, C.; Mazella, J. Increased serum levels of sortilin-derived propeptide after electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depressed patients. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2018, 14, 2307-2312. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S170165 PMID: 30233189
  135. van der Kolk, B. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 2000, 2(1), 7-22. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2000.2.1/bvdkolk PMID: 22034447
  136. Yehuda, R.; Giller, E.L.; Southwick, S.M.; Lowy, M.T.; Mason, J.W. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 1991, 30(10), 1031-1048. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90123-4 PMID: 1661614
  137. Chitrala, K.N.; Nagarkatti, P.; Nagarkatti, M. Prediction of possible biomarkers and novel pathways conferring risk to post-traumatic stress disorder. PLoS One, 2016, 11(12), e0168404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168404 PMID: 27997584
  138. Algamal, M.; Ojo, J.O.; Lungmus, C.P.; Muza, P.; Cammarata, C.; Owens, M.J.; Mouzon, B.C.; Diamond, D.M.; Mullan, M.; Crawford, F. Chronic hippocampal abnormalities and blunted HPA axis in an animal model of repeated unpredictable stress. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 2018, 12, 150. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00150 PMID: 30079015
  139. Maes, M.; Lin, A.H.; Bonaccorso, S.; Goossens, F.; Van Gastel, A.; Pioli, R.; Delmeire, L.; Scharpé, S. Higher serum prolyl endopeptidase activity in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 1999, 53(1), 27-34. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00086-X PMID: 10363664
  140. Kim, J.; Zhang, X.; Muralidhar, S.; LeBlanc, S.A.; Tonegawa, S. Basolateral to central amygdala neural circuits for appetitive behaviors. Neuron, 2017, 93(6), 1464-1479.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.034 PMID: 28334609
  141. Ben-Zion, Z.; Shany, O.; Admon, R.; Keynan, N.J.; Avisdris, N.; Balter, S.R.; Shalev, A.Y.; Liberzon, I.; Hendler, T. Neural responsivity to reward versus punishment shortly after trauma predicts long-term development of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging, 2022, 7(2), 150-161. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.09.001 PMID: 34534702
  142. Torruella-Suárez, M.L.; Vandenberg, J.R.; Cogan, E.S.; Tipton, G.J.; Teklezghi, A.; Dange, K.; Patel, G.K.; McHenry, J.A.; Hardaway, J.A.; Kantak, P.A.; Crowley, N.A.; DiBerto, J.F.; Faccidomo, S.P.; Hodge, C.W.; Stuber, G.D.; McElligott, Z.A. Manipulations of central amygdala neurotensin neurons alter the consumption of ethanol and sweet fluids in mice. J. Neurosci., 2020, 40(3), 632-647. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1466-19.2019 PMID: 31744862
  143. Li, H.; Namburi, P.; Olson, J.M.; Borio, M.; Lemieux, M.E.; Beyeler, A.; Calhoon, G.G.; Hitora-Imamura, N.; Coley, A.A.; Libster, A.; Bal, A.; Jin, X.; Wang, H.; Jia, C.; Choudhury, S.R.; Shi, X.; Felix-Ortiz, A.C.; de la Fuente, V.; Barth, V.P.; King, H.O.; Izadmehr, E.M.; Revanna, J.S.; Batra, K.; Fischer, K.B.; Keyes, L.R.; Padilla-Coreano, N.; Siciliano, C.A.; McCullough, K.M.; Wichmann, R.; Ressler, K.J.; Fiete, I.R.; Zhang, F.; Li, Y.; Tye, K.M. Neurotensin orchestrates valence assignment in the amygdala. Nature, 2022, 608(7923), 586-592. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04964-y PMID: 35859170
  144. László, K.; Tóth, K.; Kertes, E.; Péczely, L.; Lénárd, L. The role of neurotensin in positive reinforcement in the rat central nucleus of amygdala. Behav. Brain Res., 2010, 208(2), 430-435. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.022 PMID: 20035801
  145. Rouibi, K.; Bose, P.; Rompré, P.P.; Warren, R.A. Ventral midbrain NTS1 receptors mediate conditioned reward induced by the neurotensin analog, D-Tyr11neurotensin. Front. Neurosci., 2015, 9, 470. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00470 PMID: 26733785
  146. Ollmann, T.; Péczely, L.; László, K.; Kovács, A.; Gálosi, R.; Berente, E.; Karádi, Z.; Lénárd, L. Positive reinforcing effect of neurotensin microinjection into the ventral pallidum in conditioned place preference test. Behav. Brain Res., 2015, 278, 470-475. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.021 PMID: 25447302
  147. Zoellner, L.A.; Ojalehto, H.J.; Rosencrans, P.; Walker, R.W.; Garcia, N.M.; Sheikh, I.S. Anxiety and fear in PTSD. Emotion in posttraumatic stress disorder: Etiology, assessment, neurobiology, and treatment; Elsevier Academic Press: San Diego, CA, US, 2020, pp. 43-63. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816022-0.00002-8
  148. Maeng, L.Y.; Milad, M.R. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the relationship between the fear response and chronic stress. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks), 2017, 1. doi: 10.1177/2470547017713297 PMID: 32440579
  149. McCullough, K.M.; Morrison, F.G.; Hartmann, J.; Carlezon, W.A., Jr; Ressler, K.J. Quantified coexpression analysis of central amygdala subpopulations. eNeuro, 2018, 5(1)
  150. Shilling, P.; Feifel, D. The neurotensin-1 receptor agonist PD149163 blocks fear-potentiated startle. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2008, 90(4), 748-752. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.05.025 PMID: 18577396
  151. Yamada, D.; Wada, E.; Amano, T.; Wada, K.; Sekiguchi, M. Lack of neurotensin type 1 receptor facilitates contextual fear memory depending on the memory strength. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2010, 96(3), 363-369. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.06.007 PMID: 20600248
  152. Yamauchi, R.; Wada, E.; Yamada, D.; Yoshikawa, M.; Wada, K. Effect of β-lactotensin on acute stress and fear memory. Peptides, 2006, 27(12), 3176-3182. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.009 PMID: 17000030
  153. Yamauchi, R.; Wada, E.; Kamichi, S.; Yamada, D.; Maeno, H.; Delawary, M.; Nakazawa, T.; Yamamoto, T.; Wada, K. Neurotensin type 2 receptor is involved in fear memory in mice. J. Neurochem., 2007, 102(5), 1669-1676. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04805.x PMID: 17697051
  154. McCullough, K.M.; Choi, D.; Guo, J.; Zimmerman, K.; Walton, J.; Rainnie, D.G.; Ressler, K.J. Molecular characterization of Thy1 expressing fear-inhibiting neurons within the basolateral amygdala. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7(1), 13149. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13149 PMID: 27767183
  155. Zhou, Y.; McNeil, D.W.; Haworth, S.; Dudding, T.; Chernus, J.M.; Liu, C.; Liu, D.; Wright, C.D.; Brumbaugh, J.; Randall, C.L.; Weyant, R.J.; Crout, R.J.; Foxman, B.; Reis, S.; Timpson, N.J.; Marazita, M.L.; Shaffer, J.R. Genome-wide scan of dental fear and anxiety nominates novel genes. J. Dent. Res., 2022, 101(12), 1526-1536. doi: 10.1177/00220345221105226 PMID: 35771046
  156. Becker, H.C. Influence of stress associated with chronic alcohol exposure on drinking. Neuropharmacology, 2017, 122, 115-126. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.028 PMID: 28431971
  157. Mcclearn, G.E.; Kakihana, R. Selective breeding for ethanol sensitivity in mice. Behav. Genet., 1973, 3(4), 409-410.
  158. Dowell, R.; Odell, A.; Richmond, P.; Malmer, D.; Halper-Stromberg, E.; Bennett, B.; Larson, C.; Leach, S.; Radcliffe, R.A. Genome characterization of the selected long- and short-sleep mouse lines. Mamm. Genome, 2016, 27(11-12), 574-586. doi: 10.1007/s00335-016-9663-6 PMID: 27651241
  159. Widdowson, P.S. The effect of neurotensin, TRH and the δ-opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174864 on alcohol-induced narcosis in rats. Brain Res., 1987, 424(2), 281-289. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91472-7 PMID: 2823997
  160. Luttinger, D.; Nemeroff, C.B.; Mason, G.A.; Frye, G.D.; Breese, G.R.; Prange, A.J., Jr Enhancement of ethanol-induced sedation and hypothermia by centrally administered neurotensin, β-endorphin and bombesin. Neuropharmacology, 1981, 20(3), 305-309. doi: 10.1016/0028-3908(81)90139-8 PMID: 6267506
  161. Erwin, V.G.; Korte, A.; Marty, M. Neurotensin selectively alters ethanol-induced anesthesia in LS/Ibg and SS/Ibg lines of mice. Brain Res., 1987, 400(1), 80-90. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90655-X PMID: 2949796
  162. Gene, E.V.; Jones, B.C. Comparison of neurotensin levels, receptors and actions in LS/Ibg and SS/Ibg mice. Peptides, 1989, 10(2), 435-440. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(89)90055-7 PMID: 2547208
  163. Erwin, V.G.; Jones, B.C.; Radcliffe, R. Low doses of ethanol reduce neurotensin levels in discrete brain regions from LS/Ibg and SS/Ibg mice. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 1990, 14(1), 42-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1990.tb00444.x PMID: 2178471
  164. Boileau, I.; Assaad, J.M.; Pihl, R.O.; Benkelfat, C.; Leyton, M.; Diksic, M.; Tremblay, R.E.; Dagher, A. Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens. Synapse, 2003, 49(4), 226-231. doi: 10.1002/syn.10226 PMID: 12827641
  165. Erwin, G.; Campbell, A.D.; Radcliffe, R. Effects of chronic ethanol administration on neurotensinergic processes: Correlations with tolerance in LS and SS mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 654(1), 441-443. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25992.x PMID: 1321578
  166. Ehlers, C.L.; Somes, C.; Li, T.K.; Lumeng, L.; Kinkead, B.; Owens, M.J.; Nemeroff, C.B. Neurotensin studies in alcohol naive, preferring and non-preferring rats. Neuroscience, 1999, 93(1), 227-236. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00113-X PMID: 10430486
  167. Lee, M.R.; Hinton, D.J.; Song, J.Y.; Lee, K.W.; Choo, C.; Johng, H.; Unal, S.S.; Richelson, E.; Choi, D.S. Neurotensin receptor type 1 regulates ethanol intoxication and consumption in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2010, 95(2), 235-241. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.01.012 PMID: 20122953
  168. Campbell, A.D.; Jones, B.C.; Erwin, V.G. Regional characterization of brain neurotensin receptor subtypes in LS and SS mice. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 1991, 15(6), 1011-1017. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb05203.x PMID: 1686369
  169. Campbell, A.D.; Gene Erwin, V. Chronic ethanol administration downregulates neurotensin receptors in long- and short-sleep mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1993, 45(1), 95-106. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90092-8 PMID: 8100076
  170. Erwin, V.G. Chapter 10 Neurotensin: A potential mediator of ethanol actions. In: Pharmacological Effects of Ethanol on the Nervous System edited by Richard A Deitrich; 1st edition; CRC Press, 1995; p. 163-173.
  171. Erwin, V.G.; Markel, P.D.; Johnson, T.E.; Gehle, V.M.; Jones, B.C. Common quantitative trait loci for alcohol-related behaviors and central nervous system neurotensin measures: Hypnotic and hypothermic effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1997, 280(2), 911-918. PMID: 9023306
  172. Gehle, V.M.; Erwin, V.G. Common quantitative trait loci for alcohol-related behaviors and CNS neurotensin measures: voluntary ethanol consumption. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 1998, 22(2), 401-408. doi: 10.1097/00000374-199804000-00016 PMID: 9581646
  173. Lee, M.R.; Hinton, D.J.; Unal, S.S.; Richelson, E.; Choi, D.S. Increased ethanol consumption and preference in mice lacking neurotensin receptor type 2. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 2011, 35(1), 99-107. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01326.x PMID: 21039631
  174. Pandey, S.; Barson, J.R. Heightened exploratory behavior following chronic excessive ethanol drinking: Mediation by neurotensin receptor type 2 in the anterior paraventricular thalamus. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 2020, 44(9), 1747-1759. doi: 10.1111/acer.14406 PMID: 32623746
  175. Ma, H.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Du, H.; Cong, Z.; Li, J.; Zhu, G. Association between neurotensin receptor 1 gene polymorphisms and alcohol dependence in a male Han Chinese population. J. Mol. Neurosci., 2013, 51(2), 408-415. doi: 10.1007/s12031-013-0041-5 PMID: 23743782
  176. Perron, A.; Sharif, N.; Sarret, P.; Stroh, T.; Beaudet, A. NTS2 modulates the intracellular distribution and trafficking of NTS1 via heterodimerization. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 353(3), 582-590. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.062 PMID: 17188644
  177. Liang, Y.; Boules, M.; Li, Z.; Williams, K.; Miura, T.; Oliveros, A.; Richelson, E. Hyperactivity of the dopaminergic system in NTS1 and NTS2 null mice. Neuropharmacology, 2010, 58(8), 1199-1205. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.02.015 PMID: 20211191
  178. Zhou, L.; Xiong, J.; Ruan, C.S.; Ruan, Y.; Liu, D.; Bao, J.J.; Zhou, X.F. ProBDNF/p75NTR/sortilin pathway is activated in peripheral blood of patients with alcohol dependence. Transl. Psychiatry, 2018, 7(11), 2. doi: 10.1038/s41398-017-0015-4 PMID: 29520063
  179. Zhou, L.; Xiong, J.; Gao, C.; Bao, J.; Zhou, X. Early alcohol withdrawal reverses the abnormal levels of proBDNF/mBDNF and their receptors. Res. Square, 2021, 337394. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-337394/v1 doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-337394/v1
  180. Sinha, R. Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2008, 1141(1), 105-130. doi: 10.1196/annals.1441.030 PMID: 18991954
  181. Rompré, P.P.; Perron, S. Evidence for a role of endogenous neurotensin in the initiation of amphetamine sensitization. Neuropharmacology, 2000, 39(10), 1880-1892. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00269-5 PMID: 10884569
  182. Panayi, F.; Dorso, E.; Lambás-Señas, L.; Renaud, B.; Scarna, H.; Bérod, A. Chronic blockade of neurotensin receptors strongly reduces sensitized, but not acute, behavioral response to D-amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2002, 26(1), 64-74. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00354-2 PMID: 11751033
  183. Blackburn, A.; Dewar, K.; Bauco, P.; Rompré, P.P. Excitotoxic lesions of the prefrontal cortex attenuate the potentiation of amphetamine-induced locomotion by repeated neurotensin receptor activation. Brain Res., 2004, 998(2), 184-193. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.022 PMID: 14751589
  184. Dominguez-Lopez, S.; Piccart, E.; Lynch, W.B.; Wollet, M.B.; Sharpe, A.L.; Beckstead, M.J. Antagonism of neurotensin receptors in the ventral tegmental area decreases methamphetamine self-administration and methamphetamine seeking in mice. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2018, 21(4), 361-370. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx117 PMID: 29272412
  185. Dominguez-Lopez, S.; Sharma, R.; Beckstead, M.J. Neurotensin receptor 1 deletion decreases methamphetamine self‐administration and the associated reduction in dopamine cell firing. Addict. Biol., 2021, 26(1), e12854. doi: 10.1111/adb.12854 PMID: 31742874
  186. Sharpe, A.L.; Varela, E.; Beckstead, M.J. Systemic PD149163, a neurotensin receptor 1 agonist, decreases methamphetamine self-administration in DBA/2J mice without causing excessive sedation. PLoS One, 2017, 12(7), e0180710. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180710 PMID: 28686721
  187. Barak, L.S.; Bai, Y.; Peterson, S.; Evron, T.; Urs, N.M.; Peddibhotla, S.; Hedrick, M.P.; Hershberger, P.; Maloney, P.R.; Chung, T.D.Y.; Rodriguiz, R.M.; Wetsel, W.C.; Thomas, J.B.; Hanson, G.R.; Pinkerton, A.B.; Caron, M.G. ML314: A biased neurotensin receptor ligand for methamphetamine abuse. ACS Chem. Biol., 2016, 11(7), 1880-1890. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00291 PMID: 27119457
  188. Slosky, L.M. Bai, Y.; Toth, K.; Ray, C.; Rochelle, L.K.; Badea, A.; Chandrasekhar, R.; Pogorelov, V.M.; Abraham, D.M.; Atluri, N.; Peddibhotla, S.; Hedrick, M.P.; Hershberger, P.; Maloney, P.; Yuan, H.; Li, Z.; Wetsel, W.C.; Pinkerton, A.B.; Barak, L.S.; Caron, M.G. β-Arrestin-biased allosteric modulator of NTSR1 selectively attenuates addictive behaviors. Cell, 2020, 181(6), 1364-1379.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.053 PMID: 32470395
  189. Rompré, P.P.; Bauco, P. Neurotensin receptor activation sensitizes to the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine: A role for NMDA receptors. Brain Res., 2006, 1085(1), 77-86. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.011 PMID: 16574078
  190. Hall, F.S.; Centeno, M.; Perona, M.T.G.; Adair, J.; Dobner, P.R.; Uhl, G.R. Effects of neurotensin gene knockout in mice on the behavioral effects of cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2012, 219(1), 35-45. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2370-9 PMID: 21720755
  191. Felszeghy, K.; Espinosa, J.M.; Scarna, H.; Bérod, A.; Rostène, W.; Pélaprat, D. Neurotensin receptor antagonist administered during cocaine withdrawal decreases locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2007, 32(12), 2601-2610. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301382 PMID: 17356568
  192. Chou, S.; Davis, C.; Jones, S.; Li, M. Repeated effects of the neurotensin receptor agonist PD149163 in three animal tests of antipsychotic activity: Assessing for tolerance and cross-tolerance to clozapine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2015, 128, 78-88. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.015 PMID: 25433325
  193. Holly, E.N.; Ebrecht, B.; Prus, A.J. The neurotensin-1 receptor agonist PD149163 inhibits conditioned avoidance responding without producing catalepsy in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2011, 21(7), 526-531. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.12.004 PMID: 21277173
  194. Levran, O.; Peles, E.; Randesi, M.; Correa da Rosa, J.; Ott, J.; Rotrosen, J.; Adelson, M.; Kreek, M.J. Synaptic plasticity and signal transduction gene polymorphisms and vulnerability to drug addictions in populations of european or african ancestry. CNS Neurosci. Ther., 2015, 21(11), 898-904. doi: 10.1111/cns.12450 PMID: 26384852
  195. Pomrenze, M.B.; Giovanetti, S.M.; Maiya, R.; Gordon, A.G.; Kreeger, L.J.; Messing, R.O. Dissecting the roles of GABA and neuropeptides from rat central amygdala CRF neurons in anxiety and fear learning. Cell Rep., 2019, 29(1), 13-21.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.083 PMID: 31577943
  196. Chatzaki, E.; Minas, V.; Zoumakis, E.; Makrigiannakis, A. CRF receptor antagonists: utility in research and clinical practice. Curr. Med. Chem., 2006, 13(23), 2751-2760. doi: 10.2174/092986706778521977 PMID: 17073626
  197. Baritaki, S.; de Bree, E.; Chatzaki, E.; Pothoulakis, C. Chronic stress, inflammation, and colon cancer: A CRH system-driven molecular crosstalk. J. Clin. Med., 2019, 8(10), 1669. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101669 PMID: 31614860
  198. Nicot, A.; Rowe, W.B.; De Kloet, E.R.; Betancur, C.; Jessop, D.S.; Lightman, S.L.; Quirion, R.; Rostène, W.; Bérod, A. Endogenous neurotensin regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and peptidergic neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J. Neuroendocrinol., 1997, 9(4), 263-269. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.00581.x PMID: 9147289
  199. Rowe, W.B.; Nicot, A.; Sharma, S.; Gully, D.; Walker, C.D.; Rostène, W.H.; Meaney, M.J.; Quirion, R. Central administration of the neurotensin receptor antagonist, SR48692, modulates diurnal and stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity. Neuroendocrinology, 1997, 66(2), 75-85. doi: 10.1159/000127223 PMID: 9263204
  200. Asok, A.; Draper, A.; Hoffman, A.F.; Schulkin, J.; Lupica, C.R.; Rosen, J.B. Optogenetic silencing of a corticotropin-releasing factor pathway from the central amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis disrupts sustained fear. Mol. Psychiatry, 2018, 23(4), 914-922. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.79 PMID: 28439099
  201. Leinninger, G.M.; Opland, D.M.; Jo, Y.H.; Faouzi, M.; Christensen, L.; Cappellucci, L.A.; Rhodes, C.J.; Gnegy, M.E.; Becker, J.B.; Pothos, E.N.; Seasholtz, A.F.; Thompson, R.C.; Myers, M.G., Jr Leptin action via neurotensin neurons controls orexin, the mesolimbic dopamine system and energy balance. Cell Metab., 2011, 14(3), 313-323. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.016 PMID: 21907138
  202. Carraway, R.; Leeman, S.E. The amino acid sequence of a hypothalamic peptide, neurotensin. J. Biol. Chem., 1975, 250(5), 1907-1911. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41780-8 PMID: 1167549
  203. Webster, E.L.; Elenkov, I.J.; Chrousos, G.P. Corticotropin-releasing hormone acts on immune cells to elicit pro-inflammatory responses. Mol. Psychiatry, 1997, 2(5), 345-346. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000314 PMID: 9322220
  204. Alysandratos, K.D.; Asadi, S.; Angelidou, A.; Zhang, B.; Sismanopoulos, N.; Yang, H.; Critchfield, A.; Theoharides, T.C. Neurotensin and CRH interactions augment human mast cell activation. PLoS One, 2012, 7(11), e48934. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048934 PMID: 23155429
  205. Castagliuolo, I.; Leeman, S.E.; Bartolak-Suki, E.; Nikulasson, S.; Qiu, B.; Carraway, R.E.; Pothoulakis, C. A neurotensin antagonist, SR 48692, inhibits colonic responses to immobilization stress in rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93(22), 12611-12615. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12611 PMID: 8901630
  206. Kempuraj, D.; Selvakumar, G.P.; Thangavel, R.; Ahmed, M.E.; Zaheer, S.; Raikwar, S.P.; Iyer, S.S.; Bhagavan, S.M.; Beladakere-Ramaswamy, S.; Zaheer, A. Mast cell activation in brain injury, stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Front. Neurosci., 2017, 11, 703. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00703 PMID: 29302258
  207. Mishra, A.; Singh, K.P. Neurotensin agonist PD 149163 modulates the neuroinflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide in mice model. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 2022, 44(2), 216-226. doi: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2037628 PMID: 35166614
  208. Theoharides, T.C.; Tsilioni, I.; Patel, A.B.; Doyle, R. Atopic diseases and inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Transl. Psychiatry, 2016, 6(6), e844. doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.77 PMID: 27351598
  209. Donelan, J.; Boucher, W.; Papadopoulou, N.; Lytinas, M.; Papaliodis, D.; Dobner, P.; Theoharides, T.C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin vascular permeability through a neurotensin-dependent process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103(20), 7759-7764. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0602210103 PMID: 16682628
  210. Holmes, A.; Heilig, M.; Rupniak, N.M.J.; Steckler, T.; Griebel, G. Neuropeptide systems as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2003, 24(11), 580-588. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2003.09.011 PMID: 14607081

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Bentham Science Publishers