Understanding the Artemia Salina (Brine Shrimp) Test: Pharmacological Significance and Global Impact


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Abstract

Background:The microplate benchtop brine shrimp test (BST) has been widely used for screening and bio-guided isolation of many active compounds, including natural products. Although the interpretation given to the results appears dissimilar, our findings suggest a correlation between positive results with a specific mechanism of action.

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate drugs belonging to fifteen pharmacological categories having diverse mechanisms of action and carry out a bibliometric analysis of over 700 citations related to microwell BST.

Methods:Test compounds were evaluated in a serial dilution on the microwell BST using healthy nauplii of Artemia salina and after 24 hrs of exposition, the number of alive and dead nauplii was determined, and the LC50 was estimated. A metric study regarding the citations of the BST miniaturized method, sorted by type of documents cited, contributing country, and interpretation of results was conducted on 706 selected citations found in Google Scholar.

Results:Out of 206 drugs tested belonging to fifteen pharmacological categories, twenty-six showed LC50 valuep <000 µM, most of them belonging to the category of antineoplastic drugs; compounds with different therapeutical uses were found to be cytotoxic as well. A bibliometric analysis showed 706 documents citing the miniaturized BST; 78% of them belonged to academic laboratories from developing countries located on all continents, 63% interpreted their results as cytotoxic activity and 35% indicated general toxicity assessment.

Conclusion:BST is a simple, affordable, benchtop assay, capable of detecting cytotoxic drugs with specific mechanisms of action, such as protein synthesis inhibition, antimitotic, DNA binding, topoisomerase I inhibitors, and caspases cascade interfering drugs. The microwell BST is a technique that is used worldwide for the bio-guided isolation of cytotoxic compounds from different sources.

About the authors

Dionisio Olmedo

Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña (CIFLORPAN), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Yelkaira Vasquez

Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña (CIFLORPAN), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Juan Morán

Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Estela De León

Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Catherina Caballero-George

Centre of Innovation and Technology Transfer, Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP),

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Pablo Solís

Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña (CIFLORPAN), Facultad de Farmacia,, Universidad de Panamá

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

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