Vol 96, No 4 (2017)
- Year: 2017
- Published: 21.04.2017
- Articles: 25
- URL: https://rjraap.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9697
PROBLEM-SOLVING ARTICLES
ВКЛАД СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО МЕДИЦИНСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ИМ. И.И. МЕЧНИКОВА В РАЗВИТИЕ ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ
Abstract
By means of transformations based on the scientific and educational basis of the two higher education institutions with more than 100 years of history, pursues the policy of best traditions of the outstanding medical schools. In the I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University the special attention is paid to the training of qualified personnel for a wide range of health care organizations and the health care system of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance, which is reflected in the university’s Mission. In the I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University there was developed a complex of innovative technologies, which seem for the first time in Russia to implement a systematic approach to the practice-oriented training in modern molecular techniques in medical microbiology and epidemiology. For the first time in world practice, there was developed and introduced in the training simulator training in microbiology based on software complex automated laboratory. At the beginning of the 21st century I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University determines its future strategy on the formation of doctors, along with professional competences, motivation to health-saving lifestyle that will ultimately contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of the all population
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):293-297



IMPROVEMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL AND HYGIENIC MONITORING OF TERRITORIES OF LARGE CITIES
Abstract
Analysis of the air pollution in large cities with heavy traffic allowed to establish a presence of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air. By investigations there were established quantitative characteristics of the relations in the system “air pollution road by transport emissions - the morbidity rate in the children population”. Products of the deterioration of the road system and the exhaust gases were established to determine from 58 to 81% of diseases in children living in the zone of the exposure to roads with heavy traffic (more than 3,000 of cars/hour). From 16 to 23% of the diseases are caused by products of the deterioration of the road network, including 8 to 12% of heavy metal compounds. The assessment of air pollution in large cities by exhaust gases and products of wear and tear of the road transport sector is currently insufficient. Information should be taken into account in the organization of social-hygienic monitoring, medical care and assessment of health risk. There is the necessity of perfection of the system of socially-hygienic monitoring on the territories of cities through the organization of control of air pollution by metal compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):298-301



FOOD HYGIENE
THE ACTUAL FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS
Abstract
Purpose of the study. The study of actual nutrition and nutritional status of patients with metabolic syndrome and intestinal dysbiosis under outpatient observation for subsequent correction of nutrition. Material and methods. The actual nutrition in conditions of outpatient observation was studied in 117 patients (60 men and 57 women) aged of 18-60 years, living under the service of the one of the clinics of St. Petersburg. In these patients on the basis of results of clinical and laboratory-instrumental examinations there was revealed metabolic syndrome, but on the basis of the microbiological examination of feces there was established intestinal dysbiosis of the 1-2 grades. The nutrition was studied by means of questionnaire-ballot method, and with the use of computer software «Analysis of the state of Human Nutrition» (version by Institute of Nutrition, 1.2.4. - 2003-2006). Daily energy expenditures were calculated according to table-time-keeping method. Body composition of patients was studied by impedance method with the use of diagnostic monitoring complex «Diamant». All patients were included in the study on the base of the principle of informed consent and all of them gave written consent. Results. The caloric content of the daily average diets of patients with metabolic syndrome and intestinal dysbiosis exceeds in an average the physiological norm by 930 calories. Nutrient composition of diets of men and women have the same features: in compared with the daily requirement there was excessive content of fat, NLC, cholesterol, protein, sodium, phosphorus deficiency of dietary fiber, vitamins A and B2, magnesium, starch. Conclusion. The structure of food packages, caloric content and nutrient composition of the diet of patients with metabolic syndrome and intestinal dysbiosis seem to be unbalanced and cannot serve to purposes of the prevention and treatment of this disease. The characteristic imbalance of the body components in these patients was the excess of fat mass and total fluid.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):328-332



DYNAMICS OF INDICES OF THE STATE OF HEALTH OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN THE CITY OF ST. PETERSBURG FOR 20 YEARS
Abstract
The objective of the research was to study the dynamics of health indices of children and adolescents of the city of Saint Petersburg for 20 years. We analyzed official statistical data of general and primary morbidity rate of children aged of 0-14 years and adolescents aged 15-17 years, the incidence of chronic diseases in schoolchildren (7-17 years), as well as there was held a comparative analysis of the health state of senior schoolchildren in 5 Saint Petersburg schools with advanced content of education based on indices of the pathological prevalence rate, physical development, non-specific resistance, adaptation status. The study was executed according to approved standard methods. In the study, over a 20-year period there was revealed a steady trend of health deterioration of children and adolescent population of the city as a whole, and schoolchildren enrolled in the program with advanced content of education as well. The prevalence rate of diseases in children has increased by 72.0%, while primary morbidity increased by 70.4%. Adolescents aged 15-17 years showed more pronounced gain of indices than in children, the level of general and primary morbidity rate has increased by 2 times. In the structure of general and primary morbidity of children and adolescents first ranking places were held by respiratory diseases, injuries, poisoning, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In chronic morbidity of schoolchildren there were prevailed diseases of the musculoskeletal system, diseases of the eye and its appendages, respiratory diseases. There was established the gain in the pathological prevalence rate in schoolchildren with advanced content of education. In the majority of the surveyed high school students there were diagnosed polysystemic changes in health status. Negative trends in the health status of children and adolescents of the city of Saint - Petersburg were confirmed by indices of nonspecific resistance: immunological tests, key elements of protective enzyme systems of the body. In order to stabilize the growth of children and adolescent incidence there were suggested directions of prevention work.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):332-338



OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIO-HYGIENIC MONITORING AT WORKER’S OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS WITH THE USE OF PRODUCTION CONTROL
Abstract
Introduction the aim of the study. The implementation of risk-oriented model organization of the control and supervision activities of Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing with the assessment system of potential dangerous objects requires the creation of multiannual reliable database about the occupational working conditions which must include results of the production control for enterprises of all industries of the national economics of the Russian Federation. The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of the use of the production control (PC) results of working conditions for the provision of sanitary - epidemiological wellbeing of the population. Material and methods. The study was conducted on materials of Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing on the Leningrad region, Petrostat for 2009-2012. In analysis there were included software and PC results of working conditions in 420 industrial enterprises of various branches of the Leningrad region industry. To develop a regional model of PC program planning based on critical control points there was chosen the major refinery in the Leningrad region - Limited Liability Company “Production Association” Kirishinefteorgsintez “(LLC “PA “KINEF”). 3960 protocols of laboratory and instrumental investigation results of working conditions were made for the purpose of PC control on LLC “PA “Kinef” and 1921 protocols of PC results - on 420 industrial enterprises of the Leningrad region were analyzed. Results. The performed analysis revealed a number of problems to the application of PC results for the aim of working conditions optimization of employees, planning disease prevention program and the assessment of object’s sanitary-hygienic wellbeing. The method of critical control points (CCPs) in the planning of PC programs on the large industrial enterprises is proposed to use. On the example of “Kinef” there was shown the efficiency of the use of CCPs in order to optimize the PC programs. There was developed and implemented the regional model of the use of PC programs which allows to solve the problem of the significant increase of preventive orientation and efficiency of PC program at enterprises of all sectors of the national economy of the Russian Federation as an important element of the management of sanitary - epidemiological population wellbeing regarding to the maintenance of healthy and safe working conditions. Conclusions. Existing legal regulatory and methodological framework regulating the organization and performance of PC control and social - hygienic monitoring in the Russian Federation requires significant changes and additions what allow to increase the reliability of the objects classification on groups of sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing and to realize a risk-oriented approach to control and oversight activities.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):339-343



WORKING CONDITIONS FOR EMPLOYEES OF THE ENTERPRISE OF WOODWORKING INDUSTRY
Abstract
The hygienic assessment of working conditions at the modern furniture company showed such conditions at main work places are referred to the third class of the first and second degrees of the hazard and danger. The most adverse working conditions (3 class, 2 degree) are typical for operators of woodworking machines, machine operator in a spray booth for the edges of the sorter-stacker at the discharge conveyor line trim boards and spray the frames, the sorter-stacker at the feed conveyor panels of finish line rollers. Man-made noise, low lightness of working places, and the hardness of the labor process are most harmful occupational factors. Implementation of paint operations on processing of furniture components is further accompanied by the air pollution of the working area by chemicals and exposure of the body of the worker to the heating microclimate of radiation-convection type. Most of workplaces are characterized by summing the classes of working conditions on a number of factors. It indicates to their complex impact on the body of the worker. The assessment of the risk of occupational hearing loss showed the most probability of its development in machine operators and packers.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):344-346



HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE SAFETY OPERATION OF THE ENTERPRISE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to provide toxicological-hygienic assessment of components the production of polyvinyl chloride, substantiate safe levels of chemicals in air of the working area and preventive measures on optimization conditions both of work and residence of the population. Material and methods. The object of the study was the complex of production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The program of research included the study of the technological process; evaluation of the toxicity and dangers of new chemicals; the characteristic of sources of air emissions; health risk assessment of the population; justification of the size sanitary-protective zone. Results. The enterprise for the production of PVC can be potential source of the environmental pollution, with the priority to pollution of the atmosphere and working area air. The main organized emission sources of the chemicals are departments for the production of chlorine, vinyl chloride monomer, polyvinyl chloride and flare units. New components of production are ntioxidant IRGASTAB PVC76 and plasticizer Plastomoll DOA on physic-chemical and toxic characteristics fail to pose a risk of acute and chronic poisoning by inhalation routes of exposure, the parameters of acute toxicity refer to the 4th class of danger and seem to be low-hazard substances. Antioxidant IRGASTAB PVC 76 under repeated applications leads to mild irritation of the skin, characterized by a slightly pronounced cumulative properties, in contact with a high likelihood of sensitization of the organism; the introduction inhibits the activity of cytochrome P-450-dependent that may result in the violation of the detoxifying function of the liver. Antioxidant IRGASTAB PVC 76 under repeated applications leads to a slight irritation of the skin, characterized by mild cumulative properties, contact likely to develop sensitization of the organism; upon administration inhibits the activity of cytochrome P-450-dependent MOG that might lead to a violation of the detoxifying liver function. Emissions to the atmosphere can contain up to 50 polluting chemicals. The main contribution to emissions comprises substances of the 3 and 4 hazard class, it is related with extremely dangerous and highly dangerous chemicals up to 32% of the total list of toxic substances. Indices of non-cancer risk with or without accounting background are at an acceptable level, the probability of the carcinogenic risk is small. There is a possibility risk of developing obsessive smell of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorethene and chloroform.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):347-351



WORK-PLACE CONDITIONS AND HEALTH OF WORKERS IN BUILDING MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ACCORDING TO 40-YEARS CLINICAL AND HYGIENIC RESEARCH
Abstract
Introduction. Building materials industry, including the production of clay and ceramic building bricks, cement, concrete products, saw building stone, sawn wood, granite blocks and rubble, is one of the most important economy units, prompting authors to generalize research data about working conditions and the incidence of occupational diseases in the main production building materials industry/ The data were accumulated during many years. Material and methods. Research methods included a comprehensive study of the working conditions of employees at enterprises of construction materials industry, followed by in-depth periodic medical examination. Then, with statistical methods (determination of the confidence interval index of the binomial distribution) calculated confidence interval for the prevalence of patients with an established diagnosis of occupational diseases in similar enterprises. Results. Results of 40-years research on occupational hazards parameters and physical examination of workers employed at productions of clay and ceramic bricks, cement, armed concrete, saw building stone, lumber wood, granite blocks crush stone were summarized because of the absence of complex estimation of work-place conditions and incidence of occupational diseases in main production of building materials industry. Typical occupational hazards were established for the every production. Many productions show the greatest disadvantage concerning levels of physical overload that was neglected by specialists in occupational health and safety for many years. The prevalence of patients suffering from chronic occupational diseases was predicted for employees of investigated productions and the most relevant forms of occupational pathology were determined. About 7.7% of workers in investigated productions appeared to suffer from occupational diseases that were not timely diagnosed. This figure is approximately 10 times higher than official statistics. The dependence of the prevalence of patients with occupational diseases from the level of technological modernization of production was revealed. If we can accept the proportion of patients with occupational diseases among employees working in the complex automated production (the highest degree of organization of labor) for referent unit than at the enterprises with the other technologies the proportion will be different: automated production - 10, mechanical work - 4, mechanical hand work - 5, hand work - 3.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):352-357



АSSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK DRIVERS OF SPECIALIZED VEHICLES
Abstract
Introduction. The problem of preservation of the health of drivers is a topical for most of countries. In the process of working, the mentioned group is exposed to a complex of harmful occupational factors, that both leads to an elevated increased risk for health disorders and increases the risk of road accidents. However, in available sources it was not possible to reveal reports devoted to the study of the impact of the labor conditions of drivers on various health indices on the base of the methodology of occupational risk assessment. The aim of the study is to assess the occupational risk for drivers of specialized vehicles on the basis of indices of pathological affection, calculated on the results of periodic medical examinations. Material and Methods. As a core group there were selected truck drivers (n = 1050), as a comparison group - engineering and technical personnel of the enterprise (n = 1220), matched by age and social indices. The assessment of the occupational morbidity rate was carried out on the base of the analysis of fourfold tables with the use of c2 criteria. The assessment of the degree of the occupational dependence was executed with the calculation of risk indices in accordance with the Guidelines for Risk Assessment. Results. In the course of the study there were obtained results showing drivers to suffer most frequently from diseases of eyes (65.4%), circulatory system (46.6%) and digestive system (11.6%). The main reason for the recognition of drivers as unfit to drive vehicles is hypertension at the II stage and above (71.1%). Also, there is noted an increased occupational risk in drivers for such diseases such as hypertension at the I stage (RR=2.2, CI95%=1.8-2.8, EF=54.5%, a high degree of the relationship with the work); encephalopathy of the vascular genesis (RR = 1.6, CI95%=1.1-2.4, EF = 37.5%), moderate degree of the relationship with the work in the age of older 60 years - is very high); dorsopathies at the lumbosacral level (RR=2.9, CI95%=1.6-5.3, EF=65.7%), a high degree of the relationship with the work at the age of over 50 is almost total); sensorineural hearing loss (RR=1.2, CI95%=0.7-2.0, EF=16.4%), a low degree of the relationship with the work over the age of older 60 years - moderate); hyperopia (RR=2.1, CI95%=1.7-2.5, EF=52.4%, a high degree of the relationship with the work), which determines the priority of preventive measures in relation to these diseases. The potential effect of the preventive measures is most pronounced for the circulatory system diseases in total (NNT = 13.6) and hypertensive disease at the I stage (NNT = 10.0).
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):357-362



EVALUATION OF NEURO-EMOTIONAL EXERTION OF INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGISTS
Abstract
In the article there is presented material for the study of neuro-emotional exertion of interventional radiologists as one of the leading harmful factors of the working process. The analysis of the work activity, its structure and timing of the work of interventional radiologists has shown the work of interventional radiologists to be characterized by high neuro-emotional exertion, which is mainly caused by the intellectual and emotional compartments, and in some cases, irrational regime of the work. Their work is referred to the heuristic activity that requires the solution of complex tasks during operations and the sole manual operating process. They perform the work in conditions of lack of information on the health status of the patient and lack of time. The interventional radiologist is personally responsible for the quality of the treatment of the patient, his health and life. While performing operations the interventional radiologists are at risk of contracting infectious diseases, including viral hepatitis and HIV, they are exposed to drugs, x-rays, there is a danger of electrical injuries. High exertion of the work of interventional radiologists may cause neurosis, astheno-vegetative syndrome, hypertension, occupational fatigue, and also lead to conflict situations.The comparative evaluation of the exertion of the work carried out by two methods showed that total exertion of the work of interventional radiologists on the hygienic assessment and special assessment, for the hygienic assessment is assessed as grade 3, grade 3, and by the method of special assessment of working conditions being high as 3 class 1 subclass, because it only evaluates the sensory load and the monotony of work. Special assessment does not allow to evaluate completely the exertion of employees. It significantly underestimates the significance of this harmful factor, if the work is not only sensory, but also intellectual, emotional stress, irrational regime of work. The dependence of the results of measures of social protection of personnel, leads to a decrease in their level of security and increases the likelihood of development of professionally caused diseases.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):363-366



HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF OPTIMIZATION OF THE WORK OF CHILDREN’S DENTISTS IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Abstract
The relationship between hygienic conditions of labor, health state and personal psychosocial characteristics of medical staff today proves to be the urgent problem. A specifics of the work of pediatric dentists is related to the impact of unfavorable environment factors on their bodies and the presence of the high psychophysiological load under working with children. It is interesting to study the features of the contemporary labor process to improve preventive measures aimed at optimizing the operation of children’s dentists.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):367-370






ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH
HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF MANAGEMENT DECISIONS WITH THE USE OF THE INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER ON INDICES OF CHEMICAL HARMLESSNESS AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SAFETY
Abstract
Introduction. One of the key factors influencing on the quality of drinking water is the high level of water sources of the pollution, leading to the need for large-scale water treatment. There are remained risks, the consequence of which may lead to the deterioration of the quality of drinking water which is conveyed to the population. It is necessary to introduce effective technologies of water treatment, informative and reliable approaches for the assessment of epidemiological safety and harmlessness of drinking water. One of the priority directions is the development and use of methods of the integral assessment of drinking water quality. Aim of the study. For this purpose there was developed a method for the integral assessment of drinking water relying upon indices of the chemical harmlessness and a method for the comprehensive assessment of the risk of bacterial intestinal infections transmitted by water. There is proposed a method of assessing the quality of drinking water in terms of epidemiological safety, based on the fundamental principles, and providing a probabilistic approach to the assessment of health risk. Conclusion. The development, argumentation and implementation of the method of the integral assessment of the probabilistic health risk with the combined effect of chemical and microbiological agents contained in drinking water remain to be actual.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):302-305



ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ РАСЧЕТА ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ АТМОСФЕРНОГО ВОЗДУХА ДЛЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОГО МОНИТОРИНГА
Abstract
Purpose of the study. The investigation of the character of the formation of statistical presentation of data about ambient air pollution within the borders of Saint-Petersburg administrative areas on the basis of simulation data of hazardous substances (air emissions) transfer from priority sources into the lowest atmospheric layer with their following assessment according to standards, population health risks and reliability of index estimation, averaged on borders of administrative areas. Material and methods. On the base of data of sources of pollution of ambient air of the city of Saint Petersburg administered by the Committee for the use of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection and Safety Calculations, implemented in the system “Ecologist-city” by the company “Integral” there were made calculations maximum one-time and annual average concentrations for all emitted substances as well as there were evaluated the carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic and chronic risks air pollution, and there was executed the assessment of the pollution according to olfactometric criteria (rate of exceeding odor threshold ). The spatial analysis of the results was concluded in averaging concentrations and values which characterize risks on the borders of the administrative areas and further performance of the estimation of the reliability of data differences of average indices on Student criteria. Results. There were investigated peculiarities of air pollution within the borders of St. Petersburg administrative areas. There was given the estimation of reliability of data differences by Student criteria for carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic (acute and chronic) risks. There were selected priority substances, which had the greatest differences in values of concentrations and risk criteria. They are nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and benzene. There were determined areas which have statistically reliable differences on olfactometric criteria, the value of annual average and maximum one-time concentrations, by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic (acute and chronic) risks with other areas. Conclusion. There was established the expediency of calculated monitoring of the air pollution averaged on the administrative areas.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):306-309



ECOLOGICAL-HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION WASTE FOR THE USE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to make a comprehensive ecological and hygienic assessment of production waste - ferromanganese nodules of the Baltic sea and ash from sewage sludge for compliance with the use as road material. Material and methods. The study was executed in accordance with the applicable guidelines. Results. Waste production of Manganese - Ferruginous Sands, and ash from the incineration of sewage sludge in the city of St. Petersburg represent complex multicomponent mixtures of substances with different percentage content of metals (manganese, iron, silicon, phosphorus, aluminum, cadmium) and their compounds which seem to be low-hazard wastes (IV class of danger) to the natural environment.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):309-313



FORMATION OF RISK GROUPS ON THE LEVEL OF HYGIENE AWARENESS AND MOTIVATION TO HEALTH-SAVING BEHAVIOR AMONG URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTS
Abstract
In modern conditions of the development of public health it is necessary to introduce organizational measures to improve the system of formation of hygiene awareness at all stages of the life activity. Purpose of the study is to determine characteristics of the shaping of medical knowledge and skills of health preservation in main periods of the life and substantiation of organizational and preventive measures to advance the system of informing and motivating to the health-saving behavior and to improve the quality of life. Material and methods. With the help of a complex study program among the urban and rural population (n=1710) characteristics of the formation of health-saving behavior were studied and organizational and preventive measures to improve the quality of life were substantiated. Results. According to results of the cluster analysis, subjects were divided into risk groups by the level of motivation to health-saving behavior (well-being, the relative and absolute risk). Periods of the formation of medical awareness were designed with account of leading determinant of the risk of stages of the life activity. A high level of hygiene awareness provides more favorable indices of the health and quality of life in urban and rural residents. Under the implementation of the discriminant analysis there were identified most significant indices of health-saving behavior under the impact on the quality of life. Conclusion. the study shows the insufficient efficacy of the existing system of the shaping health-saving behavior. At that health-saving behavior should be considered as a dynamic process that develops at stages of the life activity and on the life-support levels, with the priority role of health professionals in the formation of hygiene awareness. There was proposed the regional model of organizational and administrative activity, methods of the formation of the system of hygiene awareness and health-saving behavior recommended to be included as part of programs of the prevention of diseases.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):313-319



THE USE OF INDICES OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION AS INTEGRAL CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING OF EFFICIENCY OF MEDICAL PREVENTIVE PROGRAMS
Abstract
Modern socially-oriented policy in Russia prioritizes the complex of prevention activities with the use of modern health-saving technologies. At that it is necessary to substantiate methodologically and methodically integrated quantitative and qualitative characteristics, based on which evaluation of the types of functioning and conditions of life affecting health and quality of human life is possible. On the basis of specially developed complex program (15 scales) the study of the quality of life and health of the urban working population of St. Petersburg (n=2276) was executed. The method of the determination of the risk groups according to types of functioning and health groups was developed. Performed medico-social and clinical-statistical study allowed to identify changes of the quality of life indices according to the type of functioning at various conditions and characteristics of life and health. According to indices of the quality of life there was revealed the high proportion of urban residents in groups of relative and absolute risk. Especially significant decrease in the quality of life indices in these groups was noted on indices of socio-hygienic functioning, socio-economic well-being, socio-psychological comfort, social adaptation, recreational activities, medico-social activity and prevention activities. There was established a higher probability of the formation of chronic disease and the decrease in the satisfaction with the quality of life in urban residents in groups of the absolute risk with dissatisfaction with the living conditions and livelihoods. The proposed scales and types of functioning in the structure of health-related quality of life can be used in a comprehensive hygienic studies implemented on the basis of a risk assessment methodology, under comparison of indices of livelihoods and satisfaction with living conditions, in complex evaluation of the efficiency of medical preventive, social and environmental programs
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):319-324



ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE INSULATION PROPERTIES OF SPECIAL CLOTHING
Abstract
The emergence of a variety of textile materials with new properties, the development of computer technology has changed the traditional approach to the processes of selecting materials, design and producing special clothing. The article discusses the analytical approach of Russian and foreign scientists in the investigation of insulating properties of special clothing. Regression modeling techniques, optimization theory with the use of computer technology are widely used under these conditions. The study examines the different regression models, the results of the correlation, factor analysis in the calculation of the correlation of various parameters: the total thermal resistance, surface density, water vapor permeability, air permeability, hygroscopicity, surface filling, total porosity, thickness, water yielding. On the basis of calculations of required insulation protective clothing, the time of continuous stay in the cold for southern region of Russia workers engaged in Oil production we have developed a computer program. Based on the proposed regression model the problem of maximizing the quality criterion has been solved. With the help of quadratic programming methods we defined: the optimum value of the thickness of the package material, the thickness of the coating materials, the minimum possible value of air permeability in the end - a target set insulation materials. Due to this approach it has been possible to establish the maximum acceptable construction of special clothing for such conditions, as well as to adapt the process of picking a package of materials for these clothes. The issue complete materials package and the need to study the properties of thermal insulation materials selected as close as possible for creating a comfortable working environment are related in this article. Designing heatproof special clothing includes the processes of its testing under different conditions. One of the problems to be solved in the course of our tests is an analysis of changes in the thermal fields of workers with different body masses in the process of employment.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):324-327



SOCIAL HYGIENE
PROFESSIONAL STANDARD AS A REGULATION INSTRUMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR PREVENTIVE MEDICINE SPECIALISTS
Abstract
The existing classifier of qualifications appears to be replaced by professional standards (PS) for specialists of preventive medicine, approved by the order of the Ministry of labor of RF № 399n from 25.06.2015. This is a multifunctional regulatory document setting requirements for the content, quality and conditions of the work, qualifications and competencies, professional education and training for skills required to meet this qualification, as well as a description of the ethical standards that are obligatory for the acceptance and respect of all members of the professional community. The standard includes the main type of professional activity of specialists of preventive medicine direction - ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and protection of consumers, identifies summarized working functions and corresponding qualification levels for the specialist, as well as requirements for education and practical activities which are necessary for their implementation. For the each working function included into the standard there are identified required knowledge and skills. The Federal educational-methodical Association in the field of the science of health and preventive medicine prepared a new educational standard in which the professional tasks and competences of the future specialist were both harmonized with the labor functions described in the standard and aligned with the major employer of graduates - Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer rights protection and human well-being. Conclusion. The implementation of the professional standard provides a number of advantages for specialists of preventive medicine, its employers and professors of universities. Continuous updating of professional standards will allow to assess the quality and level of employee competencies, mainstream vocational training programs at all levels, aimed at creating and improving the professionalism of preventive medicine direction.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):376-382



PROFESSIONAL STANDARD OF SPECIALIST IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL AND PROPHYLACTIC CASE AS THE BASIS OF PREPARATION AND ACTIVITY IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL PREVENTION
Abstract
Professional standards should meet modern requirements of the labor market, as well as requirements for the accreditation and certification of medical-prophylactic profile specialists. Objective is the justification for the content of the professional standard of specialist in the field of medical and prophylactic business. Expert analysis revealed that the current professional standard fails to take into account completely different economic activities in which specialists of medical-prophylactic profile work or can work. The priority state program “Reform of the control and supervisory activities” determines the priority for the comprehensive prevention violations of mandatory requirements with the wide application of information resources that should be included in the professional standard. The main task of the expert of medical and prophylactic profile is the activity for the provision of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population. The implementation of this direction should be provided by informing the subject of control of the mandatory sanitary and epidemiological requirements, their introduction, assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of their implementation, the widespread introduction of production control over sanitary rules, expert control, including sanitary and epidemiological listening. The analysis revealed the professional activity of doctor of medical and preventive profile to be in demand for organizations of sanitary-epidemiological service, hospital and sanatorium institutions; disinfection and disinsection of buildings; in assessing working conditions; in testing and analysis of the composition and purity of materials and substances; in tests and analysis in the field of food hygiene, including veterinary inspection and control of food production; the examination of project documentation and engineering research; for monitoring environmental pollution. Training of students of the medical-prophylactic faculty should take into account the modern approaches to the formulation of the professional standard. Public professional organizations have prepared a new version of the professional standard of the specialist in the field of medical and prophylactic business, taking into account all economic activities, which is a mandatory preventive measure.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):382-387



SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES
Abstract
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are the most common pathologies of the modern society, yielding frequency only to diseases of respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Given the fact that they are occurred in a young, working-age population, as well as people in older age groups, the treatment of these patients consumed large financial resources, which results in a high socio-economic importance of rheumatic diseases in general. The article focuses on the prevalence of these forms of pathology in Russia and several foreign countries, material costs of the medical care of such patients (including direct, indirect and additional costs), the change of these ratios in connection with the increased longevity of the population, and the emergence of new high-tech methods of treatment, which led in some cases to a significant rise in the cost of medical services. There are discussed measures to optimize the treatment of these pathologies based on pharmaco-economic aspects.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):387-392



ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR COUNTERMEASURE OF SPREAD OF SOCIALLY IMPORTANT INFECTIONS
Abstract
Purpose of the study. To evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention programs aimed at the prevention of the spread of socially important infections on example of HIV infection, as well to express it in units permitting the comparison with other fields of health care and to compare with to expenses for the prevention and treatment of sequelae of infection. Materials and methods. Results of the panel study, executed in 2006-2013 in 10 regions of the Russian Federation in HIV infection risk groups (4 waves). The total number of participants is 9891. Study protocol included detailed survey of risk behavior, involvement in prevention programs and HIV testing. Obtained data were used for the assessment of the change of the morbidity rate as a result of prevention and calibration of the dynamic (Markov) model of the effect of the prevention on the length of quality-adjusted life and treatment cost. Expenses for the prevention were estimated from field reports of prevention projects. Results. Programs for the comprehensive prevention of socially important infections, first of all HIV-infections, among injecting drug users result in the significant decrease in HIV incidence. The assessment of the effect of the prevention within framework of the multivariable model shows odds ratio to be of 0.56 (95% CI=0.40-0.78). This relative reduction corresponds to the decline of the absolute incidence from 3.98 per 100 person per year in the group of persons who was not involved in prevention programs (95% CI=3.37-4.69) to 2.22 per 100 person per year (95% CI=1.89-2.62) among participants. Such effect of the prevention leads to the increase in quality-adjusted life-years per each person (QALY=0.23, 95% CI=0.10-0.37), and the saving of budget cost by 226 thousand rubles (95% CI=209,6 - 822,2 thousand rubles). With the use of more pessimistic assumptions in relation to expenses for the prevention and treatment, the cost per quality-adjusted life per year failed to surpass the threshold of society’s willingness to pay for health technology, with demonstrating high cost-effectiveness of investing in the prevention. Conclusion. Programs of the comprehensive prevention of socially important infections in the Russian Federation have significant effectiveness and under most plausible assumptions are cost-saving. For the solution the problem of financing preventive measures it is necessary to apply the same principles of health technology assessment as it is done is the area of drug coverage.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):392-396



ORGANIZATION OF UNDERGRADUATE TRAINING OF DOCTORS FOR THE WORK WITH THE POPULATION ON PROMOTING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND A COMMITMENT TO MEASURES OF MEDICAL PREVENTION
Abstract
The research includes the assessment of the lifestyle factors of the major players of the educational process (students and teachers) in the modern medical school, the analysis of sources of knowledge on a healthy lifestyle and preventive measures, the awareness of a healthy lifestyle; the development and testing of new educational programs for training students and teachers, developing tactics on improving medical education to meet practical needs of the network of health care facilities and institutions of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor). Medical and sociological studies of lifestyle factors of students showed 62.9% of respondents to have insufficient sleep duration. Lack of exercise is the second most frequent factor(51.7%). 31.1% of students noted disturbances of the dietary pattern. 20.0% of the surveyed students were cigarette smokers. 12.7% of students regularly gambled mostly with the use a computer. 2.8% of respondents admitted that they regularly used drugs and 1.7 % of respondents drank alcohol every day. The data obtained show the lifestyle of a substantial proportion of the future doctors to be failed to be considered healthy. Analysis of the sources of students’ knowledge on a healthy lifestyle shows 59.9% of them to gain knowledge in the process of becoming a doctor, 42.7% - from specialized professional literature. However, a substantial proportion of the students receive the information about the preventive health care measures from the nonprofessional sources. For the improvement of the educational process and preservation of health of major players we consider a comprehensive interdisciplinary program that includes specialized courses for the first and fifth year students, advanced training sessions for teachers and the consolidated program on preventive health care and health promotion in all disciplines of undergraduate training to be necessary.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):396-399



SHORT MESSAGES
ON THE FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CURRENT CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS IN THE AREA OF SUPERVISION
Abstract
This article covers the aspect of food safety provision by product chain participants under current conditions by means of the development of food safety management systems (FSMS) based on НАССР (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) principles. НАССР principles and logical approach for setting and solving specific tasks, preceding HACCP principles, are discussed. The main stages of food safety management system development and implementation are presented, as well as advantages from its implementation.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):399-401



EVALUATION OF PROFESSIONAL READINESS OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS TO PREVENTION-ORIENTED ACTIVITIES
Abstract
In the first one and a half decades of the 21st century, there is observed an intensive development of the medical prevention in health care facilities. New preventive treatment facilities and subdivisions were created and a new feature - preventive counseling was imputed to a wide range of doctors. This work included the evaluation of the preventive activity, lifestyle and health state of 221 health care providers, analysis of results of the preventive check-up of 154 nurses and analysis of the workplace assessment of 200 health workers. The results of the work showed just doctors to perform most of the preventive health care for patients. Only half of the surveyed physicians and one third of nurses noted that they gained knowledge about medical prevention in the process of training in a medical school. Most health care providers stated that they keep a healthy lifestyle. At once, a quarter of surveyed nurses answered that they smoke and more often do it at work. It should be noted that there was much less smokers among doctors. Nurses and doctors justified the cause of smoking by to the necessity to relieve work-related stress. A large part of health care providers noted a lack of physical activity, poor diet and insufficient sleep. An objective assessment of working conditions based on the analysis of workplaces assessment showed the increased work intensity and low lighting at the workplace of health care providers. Based on the findings it can be concluded health care providers to be motivated to perform work on preventive medicine. However, the training of physicians and nurses in the field of health lifestyle promotion and disease prevention requires the improvement. The personal commitment of health workers to the disease prevention for their own health preserving cannot be considered to be sufficient. A comprehensive approach to the training of health professionals and the organization of their work will allow to enhance of the professional activity health of care providers in the field of the disease prevention and improving their health.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(4):402-404


