Vol 100, No 10 (2021)

The article discusses the main aspects of the draft “Concept for the implementation distant control/monitoring forms of sanitary requirements compliance (remote/contactless supervision).” The project document was developed according to the “National Action Plan Ensuring the Recovery of Employment and Incomes of the Population, Economic Growth and Long-Term Structural Changes in the Economic” control in the Russian Federation”. It has been determined that introducing remote forms of supervision is the general improvement of the state control system with a general decrease in the administrative burden on business entities. The task is also to identify the negative trends in the activities of organizations at the earliest possible stages and adopt proactive state response measures to violations of the law. The concept establishes that the critical difference between remote control and contact, face-to-face forms is the most full use and science-intensive processing of data accumulated in the information field about the activity of the economic unit. The information field is formed by departmental databases collected in the Unified Information System of Rospotrebnadzor (EIAS) and external state, municipal and other databases. An analysis is carried out through remote access to information. The remote control also implies a gradual, but significant expansion of the hardware use for fixing objects and processes status (audio-photo-video tools, sensors for measuring object parameters, etc.).An intelligent information system provides information and analytical support for the entire cycle of actions provided for by the regulations for conducting remote control and supervision activities. The system focuses on identifying evidence of violation or compliance with sanitary legislation based on the study of transmitted information. The functioning of an intelligent system involves the modern methods of machine processing of big data (Big Data), including elements of artificial intelligence based on machine learning of artificial neural networks, etc. The data generated in the system is sent to the shared storage of the EIAS for the combined processing data from remote and contact supervision and systemic complex analysis with the involvement of data from social and hygienic monitoring and other departments.

The phased introduction of distant control in the activities of the service requires the improvement of the regulatory, methodological, material, and technical base, as well as the human resources development in the direction, increasing the computer literacy of expert specialists, persons responsible for maintaining the information system, its administration, and ensuring uninterrupted operation.

It is shown that the effectiveness of the distant control implementation with the use of information and analytical approach can reduce from 15 to 60% time for one scheduled inspection, decrease the labour costs of inspectors and specialists of supervised facilities, expanding the number of inspected objects.

Contribution:

Popova A.Yu. — the research concept, editing;

Zaitseva N.V. — the research design, writing the text;

May I.V. — design of the study, processing of the material, writing the text;

Kiryanov D.A. — processing of the material, writing the text;

Kolesnik P.A. — processing of the material.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 17, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. The quality of the environment and the health of the population are the main factors in the socio-economic development of society. To reduce the volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and improve the living conditions of residents of contaminated cities, a federal project, “Clean Air” has been developed. Analysis of the efficiency and effectiveness of air protection measures according to public health risk criteria is a priority task for achieving the project conditions and ensuring a safe living environment. 

Materials and methods. The initial information for the hygienic assessment and health risks of the city of Bratsk was the data of in-situ measurements of the quality of atmospheric air within the framework of environmental and socio-hygienic monitoring and summary calculations of the dispersion of emissions from stationary and mobile sources. 

Results. According to the hygienic assessment and health risk assessment, 13 priority impurities were identified for inclusion in the systematic monitoring program. 

Conclusion. Analysis of measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the air by health risk criteria made it possible to establish that, in general, the directions of efforts are adequate to the list of priority risk factors for the health of citizens. For the correct assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency, it is advisable to supplement with materials containing data on specific emission sources on which it is planned to implement measures; supplying the assessment of health risks with data on the actual morbidity of the population in the city; as well as to assess and discuss with business entities the results of health risk assessment, all identified discrepancies between declared emissions, calculated levels of pollution and the real sanitary and hygienic situation in the city.

Contribution:

May I.V. — the concept and design of the study; collection and processing of material; writing a text, editing;

Kleyn S.V. — writing a text; editing;

Maksimova E.V. — collection and processing of material; writing a text;

Balashov S.Yu. — collection and statistical processing of material; writing a text;

Tsinker M.Yu. — collection and processing of material; writing a text.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: September 24, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. Benzene and its derivatives enter organism from the natural environment are the sources of constant health danger, including reproductive system disorders. 

Purpose of the study. In vitro study of the modifying effect of benzene on the indices controlling the apoptosis of sperm cells.

Materials and methods. The study includes data on 27 men from 41 to 51 years of age, apparently healthy, not in contact with harmful factors, and living in relatively favourable conditions. Using flow cytometry in the ejaculated semen, we determined CD25⁺ and CD95⁺ markers, p53, bax, caspase-3 activity, percentage of AnnexinV-FITC⁺PI^–, and AnnexinV-FITC⁺PI⁺-spermatozoa. The seminal fluid samples were incubated with benzene at a concentration of 0.001 µg/ml (experimental samples) for 72 hours at 37°C to evaluate the effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on the indices controlling the apoptosis. Sperm samples incubated under identical conditions without benzene addition were used as control samples.

Results. p53 content, caspase-3 activity, and the number of dead male germ cells (AnnexinV-FITC⁺PI⁺-spermatozoa) were found to decrease statistically significantly (p=0.023–0.026) in experimental semen samples after the addition of benzene (by 50% of the initial levelon average). At the same time, the addition of benzene to the ejaculated semen samples did not change the early activation profile of gametes (according to CD25⁺ criteria), cells readiness to start FAS-dependent apoptosis (CD95⁺), and the number of spermatozoa marked for death by apoptosis (AnnexinV-FITC⁺PI^–-spermatozoa). 

Conclusion. The results of immunological testing demonstrated that in vitro system benzene inhibits apoptosis and interferes with gamete life cycle . On the example of benzene, it was been demonstrated that haptenic contamination could alter sperm fertility associated with an imbalance of proapoptotic factors and impair ed male reproductive system function. The indices of programmed cell death bax, p53, caspase-3, CD25-positive, FAS-positive, AnnexinV-FITC⁺PI^–-sperm, and AnnexinV-FITC⁺PI⁺-sperm in the ejaculate are recommended for diagnosis and monitoring of sperm fertility disorders.

Contribution:

Dolgikh O.V. — research concept and design, editing;

Dianova D.G. — research concept and design, text writing;

Alikina I.N. — collection and processing of the material;

Krivtsov A.V. — statistical processing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. The work was carried out on the topic from the Research Plan of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Research Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies of Public Health Risk Management" "Study of reproductive disorders in men associated with exposure to harmful and hazardous production factors and substantiation of molecular genetic markers for their diagnosis", No. НОКР AAAAA-A20-120080790015-5.

Received: July 27, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. From the sanitary and epidemiologic point of view the economic and household sewage making more than 80% of the volume of all water disposal is of the greatest practical interest. The infectious agents getting to the sewerage do not perish independently. The problem of treatment facilities of the sewerage consists of prevention of possible distribution through water of intestinal and parasitic infections. 

Aim of the study. To investigate the overall efficiency of sewage treatment facilities in relation to pathogenic and sanitary indicator bacteria and pathogens of parasitic diseases.

Materials and methods. The object of the study was microbial and parasitic communities of household waste water from sewage treatment plants in a number of cities in the Rostov region. In work standard microbiological methods of research according to MU 2.1.5.800-99 and the methods of sanitary and parasitological researches of sewage stated in MUK 4.2.2661-10 and also author’s techniques (No. FTs/4022 MR) are used.

Results. The sewage of the studied cities arriving on sewage treatment plants has high degree of contamination on all bacteriological and parasitological indicators. At the same time intensity of pollution of sewage on these indicators for city drains was in the limits provided by MU 2.1.5.800-99. Dynamics of decontamination process at stages of sewage treatment facilities is shown. During normal operation of treatment systems, waste water is completely freed from salmonella. The species composition of parasitosis pathogens in wastewater that underwent the treatment stages, as well as those arriving, was almost identical in all territories.

Conclusion. Researches have shown that at respect for technology of water processing of treatment facilities of the sewerage waste water practically corresponds to normative documents on bacteriological indicators. At the same time, the low performance concerning disinvasion and deworming is shown.

Contribution:

Zhuravlev P.V. — research concept and design, material processing, statistical processing, text writing, editing;

Khutoryanina I.V. — research concept and design, material collection and processing, statistical processing, text writing;

Marchenko B.I. — statistical processing, editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 16, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. The analysis of working conditions of pilots of civil aviation aircraft has been carried out according to the data of sanitary and hygienic characteristics (SHC). The non-compliances with hygiene standards for several factors have been established at the same time in all SHC.

The aim. The analysis of working conditions of pilots of civil aviation aircraft, the identification of main disadvantages in filling out SHC and the offering of elaboration of special form of SHC for pilots and updated instructions about the rules for filling it out.

Materials and methods. The 220 SHC of pilots, who had been examined in the clinic of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health due to suspicion of occupation disease from 2015 to 2019, conducting flights by plane (49%) and helicopter (51%) were analyzed. The methods of account of acoustic load, hygiene assessment and classification of working conditions, peer review methods, and statistical treatment methods have been used. 

Results. The working conditions, according to the criteria of the Guide R 2.2.2006-05, are assigned to the following classes: 3.2 — in 26%; 3.3 — in 41%; 3.4 — in 33%. Exceeding the permissible equivalent noise levels was recorded at 92% of workplaces. According to SHC, the exceedances were from 1.2 dB to 34.5 dB (class 3.1-3.4). In assessing the work intensity in 83% of cases from 5 to 11 indicators of class 3.2 were recorded. It has determined class 3.3 of work intensity. The levels of general vibration exceeded hygiene standards in 48% of cases (class 3.1- 3.2), local vibration — in 8% (class 3.1-3.2), microclimate parameters — in 67% (class 3.1-3.2), labour severity — in 22% (class 3.1-3.3), less often there were discrepancies in light (6%) and chemical factor (2%).

Conclusion. According to a combination of factors, the overall assessment of working conditions of the pilots of civil aviation aircraft in 74% of cases is assigned to classes 3.3-3.4. However, the disadvantages and errors in filling out the SHC can underestimate the degree of harmfulness of the work. To improve the procedure of establishing the connection between the disease, and the profession it is necessary to amend the legislative framework to obtain objective information about the levels of factors affecting pilots, develop a separate form of SHC of working conditions of pilots, detailed instructions about the rules of filling out SHC.

Contribution.

Bukhtiyarov I.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, discussion, conclusions;

Zibarev E.V. — collection and processing of material, editing, writing the final version of the article;

Kuryerov N.N. — preparation of materials on the relevance of the problem of assessing the acoustic load;

Immel O.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, text writing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The work was carried out within the framework of the state task № АААА-А19-119030190044-0

Received: March 18, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. Underground mining of chrome ores is characterized by constant exposure of chemical factors to production workers, leading to changes in critical organs and systems. 

The aim of the work was to study changes in some biochemical parameters in workers engaged in underground mining of chrome ores. 

Materials and methods included assessing the chromium content in the air of the working area and biological media of workers, the study of many biochemical parameters and protein fractions of blood serum, modelling of cause-and-effect relationships. 

Results. The workers of the observation group compared to the comparison group showed a significant (up to 1.5 times) increase in the level of chromium in the blood and urine, an increase in the level of IgE specific to chromium — up to 1.6 times, the activity of ALAT and γ-HT in the blood serum — up to 1.3 times, the level β₂-microglobulins in serum and urine — up to 1.6 times, serum creatinine levels, slowing of GFR, increased serum AOA, β-globulins and γ-globulins levels. 

Conclusion. The constant presence of chromium compounds in the air of the working area of mineworkers leads to an elevated concentration of chromium in the blood and its excretion in the urine. The workers of the studied production showed an increase in the level of many laboratory indicators of adverse effects on the liver and kidneys, the immune and antioxidant systems. Changes in the protein fractions of blood serum were revealed in workers at the mine mining chromium ores.

Contribution:

Zemlyanova M.A. — the research concept and design, editing;

Peskova E.V. — the research concept and design, collection literature, writing the text;

Koldibekova Yu.V. — the concept and design of the study, statistical processing of the material, writing the text;

Pustovalova O.V. — collection and processing of material.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 27, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. Nowadays there is very relevant research on the study of the characteristics of the impact on the health of workers of low levels of harmful factors (acrylonitrile) of production on the health of workers during long-term exposure.

Aim of the study was to examine peculiarities of immunologic and genetic indices in workers under the long-term exposure to acrylonitrile in low doses.

Materials and methods. Our research object was working area air (MPC_w.ar.=0.5 mg/m³) and biological media (blood and exhaled air) of workers employed at industrial rubber manufacture. Acrylonitrile was determined via a non-invasive procedure in exhaled air with samples being concentrated on sorption tubes that were then analyzed with capillary gas chromatography. Blood samples were examined to determine contents of malonic dialdehyde, lymphocytes (absolute and relative activated T-lymphocytes CD3⁺CD25⁺, absolute and relative activated T-lymphocytes CD3⁺CD95⁺), cytokines (VEGF), oncomarkers (PSA), and adrenals hormones; to do that, we applied ELISA tests and flow cytometry. 

Results. Acrylonitrile was established to occur in working area air in concentrations varying within MPCw.ar. range (0.007-0.015 mg/m³) being 2-3 times higher than in air inside offices at the same enterprise.

We obtained statistically significant linear dependence between concentrations of acrylonitrile in the air exhaled by workers (y) and their working experience (x) that was given with the following equation: y=0.00046+0.00027x. According to the results of the laboratory examination of the workers, violations of the antioxidant defense were established. Contents of malonic dialdehyde and steroid hormones including progesterone, estradiol, and hydrocortisone that were pathogenetically linked to each other were authentically up to 3.2 times higher in the test group than in the reference one (p<0.05). Risk for antioxidant protection disorders such as elevated malonic dialdehyde contents in blood plasma might occur in the test group was 1.58 times higher than in the reference one. 

Conclusion. We revealed certain peculiarities in polymorphism of PPARGC1A Gly482Ser rs8192678 gene, the variability of which contributes to the formation of pathology of the cardiovascular, endocrine systems, oncoproliferative states that increase the likelihood of these undesirable events.

Contribution:

Zaitseva N.V. — overall concept, theoretical consultations;

Ulanova Т.S., Dolgikh О.V. — topicality, results, discussion, conclusion;

Nurislamova Т.V. — data and methods, results, discussion, conclusion;

Kazakova О.А., Maltseva О.А. — analytical and experimental work.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 9, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. Excessive intake of heavy metals of natural origin with drinking water increases the risk of the formation of non-infectious diseases of systems and organs, depending on the tropism of the chemical compound. 

The aim is to study the incidence of disorders of bone density and structure (osteopathies) in children and adolescents who consume drinking water with an increased strontium content due to the geochemical characteristics of the territory. 

Materials and methods. The observation group consisted of 93 children living in a geochemical province with a stable strontium content of more than 2 MPC in the centralized drinking water supply system. The comparison group included 148 children living in an area where strontium concentration in drinking water does not exceed 1 MPC. The incidence evaluation was carried out according to the official data of statistical materials. The analysis of the average values of the concentration in the blood of strontium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity and the frequency of deviations from the norm of the studied parameters was carried out in the studied groups. The value of bone mineral density (Z-index) was determined according to the results of ultrasonic densitometry. 

Results. The level of long-term incidence of osteopathies for the period 2010-2019 in children and adolescents, the observation area was 6.59 ± 1.32 and 11.26 ± 2.07 ‰, respectively, which was 1.8 and 2.0 times higher than the level of the comparison territory (p = 0.0003-0.0004 ). The concentration of strontium in the blood of children living in the territory of the geochemical province exceeded 2.1 times the permissible reference (p <0.001) and 2.9 times the index of the comparison group (p = 0.0001). In ¾ children of the observation group, increased content of strontium in the blood was recorded, which was 5.2 times more often than the comparison area (p <0.001). In 57% of cases, the children of the observation group had a reduced level of ionized calcium in the blood (p = 0.0001). Low bone mineral density (Z-index) in the observation group occurred 2.3 times more often (17.2 versus 7.4%, p = 0.019). 

Significant dependences were established by lowering the level of ionized calcium and the value of the Z-index with increasing strontium content in the blood.

Conclusion. In children living in geochemical provinces with an elevated strontium content, an increase in the incidence of osteopathy was noted, manifested by a reduced level of ionized calcium in the blood and low bone mineral density, which must be taken into account for the timely diagnosis and prevention of these conditions.

Contribution:

Shtina I.E. — concept and design of research, collection and processing material, statistical processing, text writing;

Maklakova O.A. — write and edit text;

Valina S.L. — collection and processing of material, writing text;

Ustinova O.Y. — editing the text.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 6, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. Analyzing the negative impact of technogenic chemicals on the health of the children’s population of industrially developed regions is an urgent problem of preventive medicine. Excessive accumulation of mercury in the human body causes disadaptation changes in the immune regulation of physiological processes. Therefore, the analysis of the features of the immune profile associated with polymorphic variants of candidate genes as markers of early disorders of the child population’s health status is relevant in preserving the health of the population of industrialized regions.

Materials and methods. A clinical and laboratory examination of the biological media of 215 children aged 4-6 years was carried out. The observation group consisted of 133 people living in an industrially developed region. The comparison group consisted of 82 people living in a relatively clean territory. 

The level of contamination of the biological medium with mercury was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Identification of CD3⁺CD4⁺-, CD3⁺CD8⁺- and CD19⁺-lymphocytes was performed by flow cytofluorometry. The study of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes was carried out using formalized ram erythrocytes. The level of IgG production was determined using radial immunodiffusion by Mancini, specific IgG to mercury was carried out using allergosorbent testing with an enzyme label. Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphic variants (SNP) of the GSTA4 (rs3756980), FOXP3 (rs3761547), MTR (rs1805087), TERT (rs10054203) genes was carried out by real-time PCR.

Results. Children living near the territory of the chemical industry enterprise in conditions of mercury exposure at a level not exceeding hygienic standards are characterized by an increased level of mercury contamination of urine, exceeding the reference level and the level of the comparison group by 1.8 times (p<0.05). The immune profile of children in the observation group is characterized by a decrease in the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ immunoregulatory index due to the decline of CD3⁺CD4⁺ helpers and hyperproduction of CD3⁺CD8⁺ cytotoxic lymphocytes, inhibition of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes (percentage of phagocytosis, phagocytic number, phagocytic index) against the background of an increase in CD19⁺ lymphocytes, serum IgG and a marker of specific sensitization — IgG to mercury (p<0.05). Changes in the immune profile of children with an increased level of mercury contamination are associated with the C-allele and TC-heterozygous and CC-homozygous genotypes of the GSTA4 gene (rs3756980), the C-allele and CC-genotype of the FOXP3 gene (rs3761547), the A-allele and AA-genotype of the MTR gene (rs1805087) (OR>1, p<0.05), the G-allele and GG-genotype of the TERT gene (rs10054203) (p<0.05). These genes are responsible for the features of detoxification processes, immunoregulation and longevity programs.

Conclusion. The established features of cellular (decrease in CD4⁺/CD8⁺ due to CD3⁺CD4⁺ deficiency with simultaneous increase in CD3⁺CD8⁺, inhibition of phagocytosis) and humoral (hyperproduction of IgG, specific IgG to mercury, CD19⁺) immunity associated with polymorphic variants of the glutathione S-transferase GSTA4 (rs3756980), transcription factor FOXP3 (rs3761547), MTR (rs1805087), TERT telomerase (rs10054203) in children with excessive contamination of the biological medium with mercury, a complex of immune and genetic markers of the effect and sensitivity of mercury exposure is formed.

Contribution:

Zaitseva N.V. — concept and design of the study, writing and editing the text;

Nikonoshina N.A. — collection and processing of the material, writing and editing the text;

Dolgikh O.V. — concept and design of the study, writing and editing the text.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 6, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. Active use in various spheres of economic activity, large-scale production and the availability of data on toxicity determine the relevance of studying the effects of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on the body during inhalation exposure.

Material and Methods. The size, surface area, and pore volume of CuO NPs were determined. The study and assessment of biochemical and hematological parameters of blood, the degree of bioaccumulation of nanomaterial, pathomorphological changes in organs of rats exposed to CuO NPs were carried out. The studies were carried out in comparison with a microsized analogue (CuO MPs).

Results. The size of CuO NPs in the composition of the native powder is 305.00 times less than that of CuO MPs. The surface area and pore volume are 9.61 and 9.33 times larger, respectively. After exposure to CuO NPs in the blood of rats relative to the control, the levels of activity of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, LDH, amylase, AOA, MDA and the concentration of CRP increased by 1.49-2.23 times, the content of urea decreased by 1.41 times; relative number of eosinophils, leukocyte count, RDW by 1.31-5.39 times increased, relative number of segmented neutrophils decreased by 1.37 and monocytes by 1.42 times. The effect of NPs, in comparison with MPs, is more pronounced in increasing the activity of ALT, AST, LDH, MDA and the concentration of CRP by 1.25-1.68 times and in reducing the concentration of urea by 1.21 times; in increase the relative number of eosinophils by 2.37 and the count of leukocytes by 1.61 times. The concentration of copper under the action of NPs increases relative to the control in the lungs, liver, stomach, intestines and kidneys by 1.59-6.99 times. The degree of bioaccumulation of nanoparticles is 1.20-2.12 times higher than that of microparticles in the lungs, liver, stomach, and kidneys.

Conclusion. Functional and pathomorphological changes caused by CuO NPs are more pronounced in the lungs, stomach, and small intestine in comparison with microparticles. It was confirmed that the studied CuO particles are nanomaterials. They have a more pronounced bioaccumulation and toxic effect relative to the microdispersed analogue.

Contribution:

Zaitseva N.V. — the concept and design of the study, statistical processing of the material, editing;

Zemlyanova M.A. — the concept and design of the study, processing of the material, writing the text;

Stepankov M.S. — collection of material, writing the text;

Ignatova A.M., Nikolaeva A.E. — processing of the material.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 7, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. In Russia, the current condition regarding water quality in the water bodies of the Russian Federation used for drinking purposes “continues to remain unfavourable according to the Strategy of the Environmental Safety of the Russian Federation until 2025. It takes place primarily due to the discharges of industrial and domestic wastewater.” Thus, 19% of wastewater is discharged into water bodies without purification, 70% – insufficiently purified, and only 11% – purified to the established acceptable discharge standards. Therefore, 30–40% of the country’s population regularly uses water that does not correspond to the hygienic standards, which leads to an increased risk of morbidity among the population.

This study aims to execute chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of highly toxic and carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in drinking water.

Materials and methods. Within the framework of the study, we reviewed standard samples of N-nitrosamines Mix, 1X1ML, 2000 ug/ml, methanol, experimental diagrams of solid-phase extraction. The practical charts of solid-phase extraction were tested with the help of a susceptible and accurate analytical mass-spectrometric method, a gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector (MSD).

An internal laboratory control was carried out according to CIS standardization recommendations 76-2014 of the State System for Ensuring Uniform Measurement to ensure the reliability of the analytical results obtained to determine N-nitrosamines in water. The quality indicators for the analysis results were experimentally established: the accuracy, correctness, precision of the analysis technique, and the methods for their assessment according to GOST R ISO 5725-2002 standards.

Results. In the course of the performed experimental studies, it was found that the degree of N-nitrosamines extraction from water samples of 100 ml volume, through scavenging analytes on a carbon cartridge (Coconut 6 cm³) and using four optimal diagrams of solid-phase extraction – SPE for N-dimethyl nitrosamine, N-diethyl nitrosamine, N-dipropyl nitrosamine, N-piperidine nitrosamine was 73.9%, 90.8%, 100 and 95.4% respectively.

Optimal elution scheme 4: stage 1 — conditioning the cartridge to activate it: 5 ml methylene chloride for 3 seconds, 5 ml ethyl acetate for 3 seconds, rinsing the cartridge with 5 ml water for 10 seconds. Stage 2 - adsorption of a 100 ml water sample on a 6 ml Coconut cartridge for 1 minute; stage 3 — rinsing the cartridge with 5% sodium chloride solution of 10 ml for 30 seconds; stage 4-elution of N-nitrosamines from the cartridge with methylene chloride of 3 ml for 3 min. into a test tube in position 1 of the carriage of the automatic TFE system.

The method for the determination of N-nitrosamines in water is based on the concentration of the analyzed compounds of water samples on a carbon cartridge — solid-phase extraction (SPE), identification of substances by library mass spectra and retention time, quantitative determination according to the calibration graph on a high polarity capillary column HP-FFAP-50 m • 0.32 mm • 0.50 μm.

Conclusion. The developed guidelines for measuring the N-nitrosamines content in the water of centralized water supply systems let us determine highly toxic compounds at the lower limit of 0.00004 μg/cm³ with an error of not more than 35.0%.

Contribution:

Nurislamova T.V. — rationale, conclusion;

Ulanova T.S. — concept, scientific advice;

Maltseva O.A., Popova N.A. — materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusion;

Subbotina D.Yu. — analytical and experimental part of the study.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 20, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. To increase the effectiveness of social and hygienic monitoring of the health status of workers in harmful and/or dangerous occupation conditions by objectifying the analysis of the health status of workers and timely detection of premorbid forms of pathology, an informational medical advisory and diagnostic system is proposed that ensures the efficiency of using the previously developed methodological recommendations MR 2.2.9.0148-19 “Assessment of the risk of developing states of distress in workers in harmful working conditions”.

Materials and methods. The design of the developed software is based on the principles of critical assessment of the employee’s health status; multiparametric characteristics of the functional reserves of the body; unity of the information base; the possibility of dynamic monitoring of the health status of employees; automation of data storage and analysis; protection of personal data.

Results. The method used by the information system is based on a comprehensive assessment of the functional reserves of the body, correlated by the degree of adaptive stress, including the ranking of the employee health status according to the group of dispensary records, the indicator of adaptive compliance and the level of adaptive immunity. To facilitate the operator’s information support system integrated the List of harmful and (or) hazardous occupation factors, the presence of which is a mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (surveys) and reference weight values, heart rate and blood pressure corresponding to the physiological norm concerning gender and age of the employee.

Conclusion. The proposed information system can be used during periodic medical examinations to form risk groups for the development of occupational and production-related morbidity, as well as to assess the effectiveness of hygienic and therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at improving the health of workers in harmful occupation conditions.

Contribution:

Bezrukova G.A. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, editing;

Pozdnyakov M.V. — software product structure development;

Novikova T.A. — collection and processing of material, writing a text.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 7, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

Introduction. Labour employment of the population is increasingly associated with mental activity and is characterized by increasing stress. The article presented and tested methodical approaches to the quantitative health risk assessment associated with the labour process strength (LPS), taking into account it’s detailing by type of load. 

Materials and methods. In the course of the work, analytical, epidemiological, and statistical methods were used. The proposed approaches were tested on the example of assessing the health risk of male employees of oil and gas production operators (OGPO), aged from 26 to 59 years (average age: 44.51 ± 8.01 years) with work experience in the profession of from 3 up to 33 years old (average experience 17.05 ± 8.89 years).

Results. The developed algorithm for assessing the health risk associated with LPS includes using a tool (checklist), which will allow, along with a comprehensive evaluation, assessing detailed types of loads — intellectual, emotional, sensory, monotony mode of work. The checklist contains the specified characteristics of the LPS assessment indicators and criteria that allow us to weigh the degree of tension (0 — there is no effect on this indicator, 4 — the influence on the indicator is most pronounced). The procedure provides for a quantitative assessment of occupational health risk and determination of the contribution of detailed load types to the formation of risk. The results of testing confirm the validity of the proposed approaches. The risk of developing a gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer due to sensory load was revealed to be 2 ∙ 10^–2 and was classified as medium. As a result of exposure to sensory load and operating mode, the risk of developing atherosclerosis is 5.7 ∙ 10^–2 and 9.8 ∙ 10^–2, respectively, and classified as high. The risk of developing atherosclerosis associated with exposure to two significant LPS components is 14.9 ∙ 10^–2. In this case, the contribution of the load associated with the mode of work in the development of atherosclerosis is more significant (66%) than the sensory (34%) load. 

Conclusion. The developed methods to assess the intensity of the labor process allow moving on to a quantitative assessment of risk and identifying the role (contribution) of individual, detailed types of loads in the formation of occupational health risks, and determining targeted preventive measures.

Contribution:

Alekseev V.B. — the concept and design of the study, editing;

Shur P.Z. — the concept and design of the study, text editing;

Lir D.N. — the concept and design of the study, collection literary sources data, text writing;

Fokin V.A. — data collection and processing for approbation.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 8, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

7 августа 2021 года на 93-м году жизни после тяжёлой и продолжительной болезни скончалась Тамара Алексеевна Козлова — доцент, старейший сотрудник кафедры общей гигиены Института общественного здоровья имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет).