Open Access
Access granted
Subscription Access
Vol 104, No 2 (2025)
Articles
"Hygiene and Sanitation" journal is 115 years old
Abstract
Congratulations to the journal "Hygiene and Sanitation", the leading Russian scientific and practical periodical of a hygienic profile, on the 115th anniversary of its foundation.
This is a long and difficult path that requires deep knowledge, forward thinking and dedication. The journal Hygiene and Sanitation consistently manages to combine the depth of scientific development of fundamental hygiene problems, the acuteness of discussions, commitment to a practical direction, openness of editorial policy and independence.
The journal attracts well-known scientists and promising young researchers and practitioners of practical healthcare to its pages, providing a platform for discussing the problems of a wide range and introducing readers to new areas of scientific research, discoveries and achievements of modern science and practice, reviews of professional literature published in Russia and abroad.
Assessing the path traveled, we can say that the journal has always maintained recognition in the professional scientific community. The works of outstanding domestic and foreign hygienists, researchers, and doctors were published on its pages. Hygiene and Sanitation has always been distinguished by a decent theoretical level of publications. This is confirmed by the high impact factor and the same level of requirements for articles, their originality and reliability. The status of an international journal is not accidental either – the international editorial board includes scientists from twelve countries.
Hygiene and Sanitation consistently adheres to the conceptual approach of presenting the widest possible panorama of various hygiene concepts, scientific views and developments, and the impartiality of the editorial position. Thanks to this approach, the journal retains its reputation as a publication of high theoretical and practical significance – a constant companion of specialists from Rospotrebnadzor bodies and organizations, scientists and healthcare practitioners.
Congratulations to the editor-in-chief of the journal of Hygiene and Sanitation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.N. Rakitsky, members of the editorial board, the editorial board and the editorial staff on a significant date. I wish all the authors of the journal new discoveries, creative success and practical achievements for the benefit of our Motherland, Russian science and healthcare.
Head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor A.Yu. Popova
131-131
Dear readers, friends and colleagues!
Abstract
Today we celebrate the 115th anniversary of our beloved and renowned journal Hygiene and Sanitation, whose history dates back to the beginning of the issue of Hygiene and Sanitation journal in 1910 by editor-in-chief Nikolay Fyodorovich Gamaleya. This is also symbolic, as it once again underlines the inseparability and organic connection between hygiene and epidemiology.
Congratulations to our readers on this date! 115 years is a very respectable age for a scientific journal, even considering that the history of its publication was interrupted for several years during the revolution and the Civil war. Since 1922, the journal has been published without interruptions, its issues were published even during the most difficult years of the Great Patriotic War and Perestroika.
For more than a century, the main mission of our journal has remained unchanged. This is the improvement of Russia through the scientific substantiation of issues of general hygiene, environmental hygiene, occupational hygiene, food hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, radiation hygiene, social hygiene and health risk assessment.
In the era of decoding the human genome, the rapid development of industrial and information technologies, as well as the emergence of many innovative materials, humanity not only discovers previously unprecedented opportunities, but also sometimes faces unexpected threats and health risks, and hygiene science faces complex challenges every day that require solutions, the answers to which we will search with you in current theoretical and experimental research and publish on the pages of our journal, always standing guard over the health of the Russian population.
I wish our journal further active development, more relevant problem articles, expansion of its presence in the international scientific and information space, attraction of the most reputable not only Russian but also foreign authors and growth of the readership!
V.N. Rakitsky, Editor-in-Chief of the journal "Hygiene and Sanitation", Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences
132-132
REMARKABLE EVENTS AND DATES
The leading hygienic journal "Hygiene and Sanitation" is 115 years old
Abstract
В этом году исполняется 115 лет со дня основания одного из старейших и ведущих научно-практических изданий – центрального российского гигиенического журнала «Гигиена и санитария». История создания и развития журнала в XX столетии подробно освещена в ряде публикаций*, руководящий состав и история переименований журнала представлены в таблице.
133-136
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Comparative assessment of cytogenetic disorders, indicators of proliferation and destruction of the nucleus in the cells of the vaginal and buccal epithelium in pregnant women living in environmentally unfavourable territories
Abstract
Introduction. Many pollutants of various natures constantly worsen the environmental situation, thereby causing irreparable harm to the health of the population. Technogenic impact on the biosphere has become one of the significant factors dictating our conditions of existence on Earth.
Purpose of the study. To conduct a comparative analysis of the frequency of cytogenetic disorders, proliferation indicators and nuclear destruction in the vaginal and buccal epithelium in 26–33 years pregnant women living in conditions of radiation, chemical, and combined contamination of the Bryansk region.
Materials and methods. State Report “On the State and Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation micronucleus test, Shapiro–Wilk test, Mann–Whitney U test.
Results. The frequency of cytogenetic disorders, indicators of proliferation and destruction of the nucleus in the vaginal epithelium in 28–33 years pregnant women living in areas of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental pollution is 1.3–4.9 times higher (p<0.01–0.001), and in the buccal epithelium it is 1.6–7.8 times higher (p<0.001) in comparison with environmentally safe (control) areas. The combined influence of radioactive contamination and chemical pollution led to a significantly higher (increase from 12.8% to 81.4% in the vaginal epithelium and from 22.6% to 2.3 times in the buccal epithelium) frequency of cells with micronuclei, protrusions, binucleate cells, cells with a double nucleus, as well as cells with karyopyknosis and karyolysis in pregnant women compared to areas where there is only one pollution factor.
Limitations. We did not analyze socio-economic factors, the health status of newborns, and statistical data on childbirth in the cities and districts of the Bryansk region.
Conclusion. The obtained results indicate, with all likelihood, the synergistic nature of the effects of radiation and chemical factors on the cytogenetic status in pregnant women.
Compliance with ethical standards. At the beginning of the study, informed voluntary consents were obtained from each patient.
Contribution:
Domakhina A.S. – cytomic analysis, analysis of literary data, statistical processing, writing text;
Korsakov A.V. – concept and design of the study, interpretation of the results, analysis of literary data, writing text, editing;
Troshin V.P. – cytomic analysis, data analysis and interpretation, writing text, editing;
Milushkina O.Y., Pivovarov Yu.P., Korolik V.V. – interpretation of the results, writing text, editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: April 14, 2024 / Revised: September 10, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
137-145
Determination of environmentally safe chromium concentration in mountain-meadow chernozem-likes soil in the vicinity of a mining enterprise
Abstract
Introduction. Chromium (Cr) is one of the most toxic heavy metals. The pulp of the Urup Mining and Processing Plant (MPP) contains a high concentration of Cr up to 1370 mg/kg. At the same time, the maximum permissible concentration of Cr in the soil (0.05 mg/kg) is not consistent with its natural content in the soil (up to 130 mg/kg). To assess the impact of the Urup MPP tailing dump on the adjacent mountain-meadow chernozem-likes soils, it is advisable to determine the environmentally safe Cr content.
Materials and methods. Cr (VI) contamination of mountain meadow chernozem soil was simulated in laboratory conditions. Chromium was introduced into the soil in concentrations 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 mg/kg. The exposure period of the model experiment was 30 days while maintaining constant humidity and temperature. At the end of this period, in all samples of mountain meadow chernozem soil there were determined biological indicators: the number of soil bacteria, indicators of enzyme activity, root length and germination of radishes.
Results. Cr contamination of mountain-meadow chernozem-likes soil was found to lead to inhibition of biological parameters. An inverse relationship has been established between the Cr concentration and the biological parameters of the soil. In the vicinity of a mining enterprise in a mountain-meadow chernozem-likes soil, a concentration of 125 mg/kg should be taken as an environmentally safe Cr concentration.
Limitations. Environmentally safe concentrations can be used primarily as a local environmental standard for the Cr content in the soil in the area of the mining and processing plant.
Conclusion. The proposed environmentally safe concentration of Cr around a copper mining enterprise can be recommended for use by institutions in the field of environmental protection, agricultural and scientific activities.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Kuzina A.A. – collection of literature data, writing text, editing;
Khrapai E.S. – laboratory analysis, writing text, editing;
Kolesnikov S.I. – concept and design of research, writing text, editing;
Minnikova T.V., Kazeev K.Sh. – collection material and data processing, editing.
All authors – are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The research was carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation No. 23-74-01071, https://rscf.ru/project/23-74-01071/ at the Southern Federal University.
Received: April 15, 2024 / Revised: May 23, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
146-150
Assessment of air pollutants at the Fuel Stations in Al-Nassiriyia in the Republic of Iraq
Abstract
Introduction. Globally, pollution is an issue impacting on the health of mankind. An individual’s health connected to hygiene of their living environment, as a result of the rapid growth of industries, the pollution happens when the balance between the structures and functions of an environment are disrupted by changes in the components of it.
This study aimed to measure the concentration of some air pollutants (nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone) in fuel stations located in Al-Nassiriyia city.
Materials and methods. The samples were collected from four stations. The results of current study were compared with the seasonal air pollutant levels at fuel stations. Analysis of air pollutants (NO2, SO2, O3) was conducted by using a multi-gas analyzer.
Results. A rise in nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide concentration (0.013, 0,007 ppm, correspondingly was registered in winter at sites S1 and S2. The highest ozone concentration was recorded in the autumn season (0.133 ppm) in S3, while the lowest concentration – in the winter (0.057 ppm) in the same station.
Limitations. Small sample size and short time of study are the two major issues. The other are government agreement.
Conclusions. In winter air pollutants were higher than in autumn due to weather changes such as lower temperatures and high humidity, vehicle emissions, car exhausts, and high traffic. Concentrations of NO2, SO2 and O3 were greater in fuel stations compared to the control station due to their distance from pollution sources.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study was approved by the biomedical ethics committee, Department of Biology, Collage of Science, University of Thi-Qar (3/11/1850 in 27/12/2023) and (3/11/1849 in 27/12/2023).
Contribution:
Kadhem Z.S. – research concept and methodology, project administration, data collection and processing, statistical analysis, text writing, editing;
Maktoof A.A. – research concept and methodology, project management, data processing, text writing, editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. All authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no funding.
Received: June 02, 2024 / Revised: July 26, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
151-154
Bioindication of the suitability of bottom sediments of the Don River in agriculture
Abstract
Introduction. Bottom sediments are rich in organic compounds, but due to their accumulation at the bottom of the reservoir, water quality deteriorates. Dredging is one of the methods of cleaning water bodies, during which the resulting soil is unloaded along the banks with possible subsequent transportation to solid waste landfills. This method of waste disposal is not rational, since the qualitative composition of some sludge allows it being used as fertilizer in agriculture.
Materials and methods. Contamination of bottom sediments of the lower Don River with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) was studied to assess their potential use as fertilizers in agriculture. Sediments were analyzed for pH, humus content, HMs, PAHs, and phytotoxicity. For this purpose, samples of bottom sediments were taken in the Tsimlyansk Reservoir and the lower reaches of the Don River and its tributary, the Aksai River. Winter wheat of the Bumba ES variety was chosen as a test object. To assess the phytotoxicity of bottom sediments, there were used foreign standards for the quality of bottom sediments and background regional values of soils in the Rostov region.
Results. Studies have shown that the deposits are of an organomineral nature, with a high content of silicon, calcium, and magnesium. The pH values varied between the neutral and slightly alkaline ranges. In the sediments, all HMs are within acceptable limits, and only zinc and strontium have increased contents, with the highest concentrations found in the middle part of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir. PAHs level varied significantly, with the highest levels observed in the lower reaches of the river. The sediments showed varying degrees of phytotoxicity, with all samples showing a decrease in root length.
Limitations. The limitations of the study are due to the fact that the changes and additions made to the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for various types of soils and bottom sediments are not exhaustive and can be revised as standards for new substances appear, data on the toxicity and danger of standardized compounds.
Conclusion. The conducted ecological assessment of the state of bottom sediments of the Don River, based on calculations of the total pollution coefficient, indicates a low level of pollution of the studied objects, which allows their using in agriculture.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contributions:
Rybalkina E.I. – collection of material and data processing, writing the text;
Polshina T.N. – collection of material and data processing;
Sushkova S.N. – data processing;
Kazeev K.Sh. – collection of material and data processing, text writing, editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Acknowledgment. The research was carried out with the financial support of the project of the Strategic Academic Leadership Program of the Southern Federal University “Priority 2030” (No. SP03/S4_0708Prioritet_15).
Conflict of interest. The authors declare that there are no obvious or potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.
Received: May 6, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
155-161
Ecological and hygienic situation in the area of the location of a chemically hazardous facility
Abstract
Introduction. The main activities of the branch of the Scientific and Production Center for Rocket Fuel Components are the production of hydrazine and utilization of rocket technology on liquid fuel. These processes are potential sources of pollution of the territories adjacent to the facility.
The purpose of the work is to assess the ecological and hygienic situation in the area of the location of the facility as a priority part of ensuring the safety of the population.
Materials and methods. The analysis of environmental objects was carried out on the basis of data from production control and environmental monitoring of the enterprise, materials of the MRU No. 153 of the Federal medical and biological agency of Russia, as well as the results of its own research.
Results. Over the period of 2014–2020, the quality of atmospheric air in the area of influence of the facility mainly met sanitary requirements. In water samples from surface reservoirs, concentrations of specific, general industrial pollutants and metals did not exceed hygienic standards. The drinking water of the non-centralized water supply in nearby settlements mostly met the established requirements, with the exception of cases of increased barium content, which reached 1.2 MPC in the non-centralized water supply system of the village of Rumstikha. In the soil cover, the content of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in all samples, and dimethylamine in most cases was lower than the sensitivity of the determination method. Metal concentrations did not exceed the relevant hygienic standards.
Limitations. Are due to a number of uncertainties related to incomplete information about all possible contaminants of environmental objects, as well as the insufficient sensitivity of some measurement techniques.
Conclusion. It is concluded that there is no adverse impact of the economic activity of this chemically hazardous facility on the territory adjacent to the facility.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Tobolskaya-Pospelova M.M. – analysis of publications on the topic of the article, analysis and interpretation of data, writing an article, preparation of an article for publication, concept and design of the study;
Krylova N.V. – scientific guidance, analysis of publications on the topic of the article, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing an article, preparation of an article for publication, the concept and design of the study;
Gorkina I.K. – interpretation of data, editing of the article;
Antonov V.A. – general guidance, concept and design of the study;
Novikova O.N. – scientific guidance, editing of the article, concept and design of the study;
Sazonova N.G. – analysis of publications on the topic of the article, analysis and interpretation of data;
Ivanova E.R. – performing quantitative chemical analysis;
Belousova T.N. – data collection and processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 15, 2024 / Revised: July 23, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
162-167
Assessment of the quality of drinking water in the distribution system (on the example of Primorsky Krai)
Abstract
Introduction. In view of the accumulated information on the quality of drinking water in the distribution system, its comprehensive assessment seems relevant.
Materials and methods. A sociological survey of the population of the Primorsky Territory was conducted during 2022 to identify the population’s satisfaction with the quality of drinking water in the region. The results of laboratory studies for 2016–2022, carried out by the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory as part of the social and hygienic monitoring, are summarized. The descriptive part of the statistical analysis was performed with Microsoft Office Excel, the analytical part – IBM SPSS Statistics. Spatial visualization and data interpolation were performed with ArcGIS 10.8.2.
Results. An analysis of self-assessments of satisfaction at the population of the Primorsky Territory with the quality of drinking water from the distribution network showed that more than half of the population are not satisfied with its quality. Analysis of the water quality in centralized water supply systems from the perspective of hygienic standardization made it possible to determine the pattern of distribution of priority chemical, organoleptic, and microbiological pollutants into 6 clusters. An assessment of the risk to public health caused by the quality of drinking water from centralized water supply systems identified one settlement with an exceeded level of non-carcinogenic risk for trichlorethylene. Using spatial modelling, zones of low mineralization of drinking water were identified. Despite of the low content of total hardness, the ratio of calcium and magnesium ions is considered optimal over a large territory of the Primorsky Territory.
Limitations. The study covers the territory of Primorsky Krai and includes a list of indicators limited by the plan of monitoring activities.
Conclusion. The developed system of drinking water analysis can be useful in drawing up a monitoring research program and planning the modernization of water supply and water treatment systems, as well as in research work by interested persons in improving the quality of drinking water for population from centralized water supply systems.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission to a biomedical ethics committee.
Contributions:
Shmeleva V.D. — concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, statistical processing, text writing;
Kislitsyna L.V. — collecting material and processing data, writing and editing text;
Romanova O.B. — preparation of the manuscript draft, text editing;
Sukhoveeva A.B. — collection and processing of sociological material, writing text;
Alenitckaia M.V. — analysis, interpretation of results, text editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. The team of authors expresses sincere gratitude to the colleagues of the Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory for their work on collecting water samples at monitoring points, coding and conducting laboratory tests of the quality of drinking water for the final formation of a database of federal and regional information funds, as well as to the specialists of the Office of the Federal Service for Surveillance in the Field of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being for the competent management of the monitoring observation system in the Primorsky Territory.
Received: May 8, 2024 / Revised: June 17, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
168-173
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
The influence of physical activity on the prevalence of circulatory diseases in industrial workers
Abstract
Introduction. Cardiovascular pathology continues to occupy a leading place in the structure of the general morbidity among the working-age population. Physical activity is essential in reducing cardiovascular risk. At the same time, there is evidence of the ambiguous effect of the physical activity during occupational and leisure time on the prevalence of circulatory diseases: intense occupational physical activity does not bring the same benefits to the health of workers as physical activity over leisure time.
The purpose. Assessment of the influence of different levels of physical activity during occupational and leisure time on the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, in particular, arterial hypertension, among manufacturing labourers.
Materials and methods. To assess the levels of occupational and leisure time physical activity during periodic medical examinations, a survey of one thousand two hundred eighty eight employees of metallurgical enterprises was conducted using the IPAQ – International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Physical activity was graded in three levels: low, moderate, and intense. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated. Interaction plots and logistic regression models were constructed for indicators with the highest correlation coefficients.
Results. The reduction of the risk of developing cardiovascular pathology, according to the results of this study, is observed by increasing the time devoted to intensive physical activity in the leisure time and during the work. The physical activity during the leisure time has the greatest favourable effect on the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Occupational physical activity also has a favourable effect, but less so compared to exercise over leisure time.
Limitations. This study did not conduct a comparative analysis of the influence of different physical activity levels on cardiovascular diseases according to a special assessment of working conditions with the results of the impact of different physical activity levels according to the results of a questionnaire.
Conclusions. The results obtained give grounds to recommend that employees of metallurgical enterprises to increase the amount of physical activity during the leisure time, especially with increasing age to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted according to the generally accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.
Contribution:
Shirokov V.A. – concept and design of the study, text writing, discussion of the results, editing;
Varaksin A.N. – data processing, statistical analysis, discussion of results, editing;
Terekhov N.L. – data collection, statistical analysis, discussion of the results;
Gavrilchenko D.S. – processing of material, collection of literature data, writing text, discussion of the results.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 6, 2024 / Revised: September 4, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
174-179
Successful socio-environmental occupational adaptation in shift workers of industrial enterprises
Abstract
Introduction. During long-term shift work, there is a cumulative effect of the adverse environment effects on the industrial enterprises’ personnel, which can be compensated by the adaptive qualities of workers. It requires clarification of how effective various combinations of conscious self-regulation of behaviour and character accentuation characteristics in shift workers at industrial enterprises can be in relation to the success of socio-environmental occupational adaptation.
The study purpose was to identify the success of socio-environmental occupational adaptation characteristics among shift personnel at industrial enterprises with different combinations of the severity of character accentuations and behaviour conscious self-regulation parameters.
Materials and methods. The study involved three hundred fourteen shift workers at various industrial enterprises. The assessment of the functional states in workers was assessed using instrumental methods and testing. Questionnaires were used to study the occupational effectiveness and safety. Character accentuations and behaviour conscious self-regulation characteristics were assessed using tests. Statistical methods are descriptive statistics, two-stage cluster and multivariate analyzes of variance.
Results. As a result of the study, shift workers at industrial enterprises were divided into four groups regarding the combination of conscious self-regulation and character accentuations. The successful socio-environmental occupational adaptation was found to be demonstrated by less accentuated shift workers with high self-regulation.
Limitations. The limitations of this study were the industrial enterprises choice of oil and gas production, diamond mining and construction as empirical objects, which requires consideration when extending the results to other samples. The methods selection for assessing the socio-environmental professional adaptation parameters of shift personnel is determined by the author’s concept.
Conclusion. The results and conclusions obtained make it possible to expand knowledge about the success in socio-environmental occupational adaptation in shift personnel at industrial enterprises and develop practical recommendations for their optimization. Due to the extreme conditions of the occupational environment, a larger number of shift workers with pronounced character accentuations are observed at northern sites, with a shift period lasting more than one month and, in the oil, and gas industry.
Compliance with ethical standards. The research program and methods were reviewed by the ethics committee of the Higher School of Psychology, Pedagogy and Physical Education of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University and recommended for use (protocol No. 1, 2023). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.
Contribution:
Korneeva Ya.A. – research concept and design, text writing, text writing; literature data collection; collection of empirical data; statistical processing; editing;
Simonova N.N. – research concept and design, text writing, text writing; literature data collection; statistical processing; editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 24–28–20221).
Received: May 25, 2024 / Revised: July 11, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
180-190
Significance of blood indices for detecting disadaptation in workers in the Far North
Abstract
Introduction. In the conditions of the Far North (FN), it is relevant to identify disadaptation among workers.
Goal was to assess the significance of blood parameters in the diagnosis of disadaptive changes in the body in those working under FN conditions
Materials and methods. In the summer, total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, vitamins (B9, B12, D), minerals (K, Na, Ca total and ionized, P, Mg, Fe), C-reactive protein, the mineral composition of drinking water was studied.
Results. Signs of anemia confirm a reduced level of cobalamin (100.7±5.2 and 101.4±3.7 pmol/L, p=0.921), B9 deficiency (86.3% and 93.3% (p=0, 696), low iron levels in 27.3% and 53.3%. Symptoms of hypotonic overhydration are determined by the consumption of low-mineralized drinking water from melted snow. The duration of work led to the development of triglyceridemia (in 50.0% and 60.0%), hypercholesterolemia (for total cholesterol in 90.0% and 93.3%, for low-density lipoproteins – in 90.9% and 73.3%). Elevated high-density lipoproteins among the first group in 72.7%, the second – in 36.7%, causing blood atherogenicity in 40.9% and in 80.0%, C-reactive protein (high in 13.6% and 66.7%) indicated to an increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases. There were steepened vitamin D deficiency (insufficiency in 71.4% and 53.3%, deficiency in 28.6% and 46.7%), mineral imbalance (K in 9.1% and 20.0%, Ca ionized in 18.2% and 26.7%, Fe – in 9.1% and 20.0%).
Limitations. Blood indices in male military personnel with different lengths of stay in the Arctic, were studied in the summer.
Conclusion. It is necessary to determine high and low density lipoproteins, C-reactive protein, vitamins B12, B9 and D, minerals (potassium, sodium, ionized calcium and total calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron) regardless of age and work experience in the field.
Compliance with ethical standards. The work was carried out in accordance with the conclusion of the Ethics Committee of the Volga Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, protocol No. 4 dated March 14, 2022. Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal “Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)”.
Conribuiton:
Rakhmanov R.S. – concept and design of the study, writing the text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Bogomolova E.S. – editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Razgulin S.A. – collection of literature data, participation in the interpretation of results, preparation of the text;
Narutdinov D.A. – collection, systematization of primary material;
Nepryakhin D.V. – statistical processing of the material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manusfinal version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. The work was carried out in accordance with the scientific work plan of the Volga Research Medical University and the thesis research plan by D.A. Narutdinov.
Received: June 3, 2024 / Revised: June 18, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
191-197
Comprehensive assessment of the working conditions and health status in escalator drivers at the Moscow metro
Abstract
Introduction. Due to the intensive construction of subways, there has become more urgent the problem of studying the working conditions in service personnel, in particular, escalator drivers and their assistants, who work for a long time in unusual working conditions, where they are exposed to adverse factors such as broadband noise generated by mechanisms and moving electric trains, unsatisfactory microclimatic conditions due to high air speeds, low temperature of surrounding surfaces, as well as in the presence of microbial contamination of the air and in the absence of the natural light. When studying the incidence of temporary disability, diseases of the respiratory system and musculoskeletal system were found to account for the largest share among this contingent of workers. The conducted research allowed developing preventive measures.
The purpose of the study.The study of the working conditions in escalator drivers with the development of a complex of wellness measures aimed at optimizing them and reducing the incidence rate.
Materials and methods. Time-lapse studies were carried out, measurements of harmful occupational production factors in the workplace were carried out and the health status in escalator drivers and their assistants was studied.
Results. The research was carried out at the stations of the Moscow metro. The work of escalator drivers and their assistants is carried out in 2 shifts: 1st from 8–00 am to 20–00 pm, 2nd from 20–00 pm to 8–00 am. According to time-lapse observations, occupational operations occupy 72.3% of the working time during the day shift and 65.9% of the working time during the night shift. The highest concentrations of dust were found when performing operations to clean escalator nodes. The average dust concentrations exceeded the MPC by 7–12 times. The assessment of the noise factor showed that the equivalent sound level in the service area of escalator motors exceeds the maximum permissible levels by 5 dBA.
The study of the age-related structure and morbidity with temporary disability, indicates that among the drivers and assistants of escalator drivers, 20–29 years persons with work experience from 1 to 4 years predominate. The highest rates for both sick people and cases and days of disability are observed in the age group of 40–49 years (99.5 sick people, 115.8 cases and 1658.4 days of disability). The analysis of morbidity by class showed that the largest share in the structure of morbidity falls on the class of respiratory diseases and diseases of the circulatory system.
Limitations. Five stations of the Moscow Metro (Teatralnaya, Lubyanka, Kuznetsky Most, Komsomolskaya and Oktyabrskaya) were selected as basic studies.
Conclusion. The occupation of escalator drivers and assistant drivers is one of the most important and sought-after specialties in the metro. The provision of passenger traffic in the subway and passenger safety depend on their successful work. According to time-lapse observations, occupation operations occupy 72.3% of the working time during the day shift and 65.9% of the working time during the night shift. The results of studies of the microclimate parameters in the machine rooms of escalator stations and equivalent sound levels in the service area of escalator motors showed they to exceed the normative values and belong to class 3.1 according to the requirements of a special assessment of working conditions. The results of sanitary and bacteriological studies allowed establishing that in the cold season, the air of escalator stations should be considered clean according to microbial contamination, in the warm period, it is polluted. The study of morbidity with temporary disability showed a high level of respiratory, circulatory, and digestive diseases, and musculoskeletal systems. The comprehensive, multifaceted studies carried out allowed obtaining extensive and versatile material, developing recommendations aimed at improving the working conditions in escalator drivers and their assistants.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: December 4, 2024 / Revised: February 21, 2025 / Accepted: February 2, 2025 / Published: March 7, 2025
198-204
HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Improving the training of medical students in the field of hygiene
Abstract
Introduction. The increasing anthropogenic pressure on the environment and the growing risks to the lives and health of citizens due to scientific and technological developments in the country necessitate the improvement of digital technologies, the creation of systems for processing large amounts of data, artificial intelligence, the transition to personalized medicine, as well as to high-tech healthcare and health-saving technologies, updating the regulatory framework for the activities of the country’s supervisory authorities, modernization of the social and hygienic monitoring system. All these developments demand continuous improvement in the training of medical and preventive specialists, as well as clinical doctors.
The aim of the study is to investigate various aspects of the management of the educational process in the hygiene departments in medical universities in the country.
Materials and methods. Based on the developed questionnaire, a survey was conducted of the heads of departments with a hygienic focus, which allowed obtaining information about the management of teaching hygienic disciplines in medical universities of the country (twenty three respondents).
Results. The analytical materials of the work of the Educational and Methodological Commission on Hygiene of the Coordinating Council for Education “Health and Medical Sciences” concerning various aspects of the management of educational activities at the departments of hygiene of medical universities of the country are presented.
Limitations. The study was limited by the number of respondents who participated in the study.
Conclusion. The tasks of modernizing and improving the system of teaching hygiene knowledge for students of medicine, pediatrics, and preventive medicine have been formulated.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Kuchma V.R. – the concept and design of the study, editing;
Mitrokhin O.V. – data analysis and interpretation;
Korolev A.A. – writing text, editing;
Laponova E.D. – collection and processing of material, writing text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 20, 2024 / Revised: September 12, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
205-211
Justification of regional standards for the functional state of the central nervous system in children and adolescents
Abstract
Introduction. The study is aimed at developing and scientifically justifying regional norms of the functional state of the central nervous system (CNS) in children and adolescents aged 7–17 years, which is crucial for health assessment and the development of preventive measures.
The purpose of the study is to scientifically justify the regional norms of the functional state of the central nervous system in 7–17 years children and adolescents using the method of variation chronoreflexometry.
Materials and methods. Over the period from 2018 to 2024, an assessment of the functional state of the central nervous system in two thousand four hundred ten students in grades 1–11 was conducted using the method of variation chronoreflexometry by M.P. Moroz (2003) in general educational institutions of Orenburg (lyceums, gymnasiums, secondary schools).
Results. A significant increase in the functional level of the nervous system in students aged from 7 to 17 years was established, from 1.8±0.01 units to 2.4±0.02 units (p<0.001), the stability of the nervous reaction from 0.6±0.04 units to 1.3±0.06 units (p<0.001), and the level of functional capabilities of the nervous system from 1.5±0.04 units to 2.5±0.07 units (p<0.001). A statistically significant increase in indicators was found between the age groups of 9–10, 12–13, and 15–16 years, followed by stabilization in the periods of 10–12, 13–15, and 16-17 years, which determined the feasibility of age differentiation of the functional state norms of the CNS for 7–9 years, 10–12 years, 13–15 years, and 16–17 years students based on the calculation of the 25th–75th percentiles, the values of which were accepted as the statistical norm. The obtained data allowed developing a mental performance index, calculated as the sum of standardized values of CNS functional indicators taking into account their significance coefficients obtained through principal component analysis.
Limitations. The use of a simple visual-motor response to assess the functional state of the CNS may limit the ability to extrapolate the obtained data to other studies where auditory, tactile stimuli, or their combinations were used.
Conclusion. The scientifically justified regional norms of the functional state of the central nervous system in 7–17 years children and adolescents can be used during preventive medical examinations, in screening studies of scientific research activities, and become an effective tool for assessing and monitoring the functional state of the CNS in children and adolescents, as well as developing preventive measures aimed at preserving the health of the younger generation.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of FGBOU VO OrGMU Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (protocol No. 258 dated 09.10.2020). All participants and their legal representatives have provided informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.
Contributions: Setko N.P. – concept and design of the study, editing;
Zhdanova O.M. – concept and design of the study, writing the text; collection and processing of material; statistical processing;
Setko A.G. – concept and design of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 3, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
212-219
Indicators of stress-realizing and stress-limiting mechanisms in young people under conditions of asymmetric photoperiod of the northern region
Abstract
Introduction. Living in the northern territories is associated with chronic stress.The stressors are the natural climatic factors of the north: a long period of low temperatures, strong winds, pronounced dynamics of atmospheric pressure, altered photoperiod. In the development of a stress response, stress-realizing and stress-limiting systems are distinguished. Their dynamics make it possible to assess when the body is most vulnerable to the adverse effects of extreme environmental factors to take preventive measures in a timely manner.
Materials and methods.The components of stress-realizing and stress-limiting systems were studied in students of a northern university under conditions of short (December) and long (May) daylight hours. The secretion of melatonin was assessed using the enzyme immunoassay method based on the concentration of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine, the autonomic regulation of heart rhythm was studied using indicators of heart rate variability, and anxiety was studied using the Spielberger’s scale for assessing the level of state (reactive) and trait anxiety (adapted by Yu.L. Khanin).
Results. There was revealed the trend in the concentration of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine: in the male and female groups the indicator decreases from December to May. In conditions of long daylight hours, state (reactive) and trait anxiety among female students decreased, while the level of anxiety among male students remained more stable. In Spring the young women’s parasympathetic influences was found to weaken, while sympathetic activity remained. In the male group, the length of daylight didn’t affect the spectral characteristics.
Limitations. Male and female higher education students in the northern region.
Conclusion. Intersexual features of the implementation of mechanisms of stress-realizing and stress-limiting systems were discovered during a critical violation of the parity of light and dark time of day. The photoperiod of the north must be considered from a hygienic aspect, to prevent deterioration in public health due to a decrease in the activity of a number of stress-limiting mechanisms. The risk of disruption of the functions chronostructure elevates with increasing predominance of daylight hours over darkness; the probability of the formation of exogenous desynchronosis increases in late Spring – early Summer. It is necessary to increase public awareness regarding the role of melatonin in the functioning of the body and hygienic ways to correct its level in the conditions of the asymmetric photoperiod of the north.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical and legal standards set out in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.Respondents gave informed, voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal information in anonymized form.The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Nizhnevartovsk State University (Protocol No. 1 dated September 12, 2022).
Contribution:
Ragozin O.N. – research concept, editing;
Shalamova E.Yu., Pogonysheva I.A. – research design, collection of primary materials, text writing, editing;
Kudyasheva V.P., Pogonyshev A.D. – preparation of primary data for statistical processing, statistical processing and analysis of results.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study was carried out at the expense of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation and the Government of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra No. 22-15-20023.
Received: May 2, 2024 / Revised: May 27, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
220-226
Characteristics of physical development, biological maturation, and physical fitness of senior preschool children in St. Petersburg
Abstract
Introduction. The intensification of the educational process places increased demands on the health and physical fitness of students. In a megacity, a number of environmental factors can have a negative impact on the growth and development of children.
Goal – to determine the variability of physical development, biological maturation and physical training of children’s educational organizations in the metropolis.
Materials and methods. In the conditions of children’s educational organizations after signing 3027 children (1498 girls and 1529 boys) aged 6 to 7 years were examined by legal representatives after informed consent. The examination included somatometry (measurement of height and body weight), assessment of the level and harmony of physical development; correspondence of biological maturation to the child’s passport age; performing test tasks of the first stage of the All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense”.
Results. A high frequency of disharmonious variants of physical development, especially obesity, was revealed: 11.5% in girls and 14.4% in boys (p=0.02). In 15.2% of children there was a delay, and in 13.0% there was an advance in biological age. In total, the “relative risk” group for disruption of school adaptation is larger among girls (31.7%) than among boys (28.2%; p=0.0000). Among the components of physical fitness, speed qualities are better developed in preschoolers (running a distance of 30 m), good speed-strength qualities (standing long jump); Coordination tests (shuttle running, throwing a ball at a target) are not enough. Boys more often than girls did not meet the standards when completing all tasks (p=0.0017÷p=0.0000).
Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the significant duration of the examination of children in preschool educational institutions located in various districts of St. Petersburg.
Conclusion. When assessing the “school maturity” of children, it is necessary to take into account not only the individual characteristics of growth, development, and health status, but also the level of physical fitness.
Compliance with ethical standards. Legal representatives of preschool children gave written informed consent for the children’s participation in the study.
Contribution:
Makoeva F.K. – collection, processing and analysis of material; responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Gritsinskaya V.L. – concept and design research, text editing, approval of the final article;
Tuaeva I.Sh. – research organizations; participation in the results, preparation of the text;
Kozyreva F.U. – collection of literature data, participation in statistical processing of the material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 07, 2024 / Revised: July 17, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
227-233
PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION
Expression of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 in toxic hepatitis caused by tetrachloromethane in the liver
Abstract
Introduction. Despite significant attention to the study of the mechanisms of toxic liver damage in recent years, there are still very few effective treatment methods. Liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride results in hepatocyte death, including apoptosis.
The purpose of the study was to study histological changes and immunohistochemical investigation of the expression of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 in a model of toxic liver injury induced by CCl4 with hepatoprotective correction.
Materials and methods. The experiment involved forty five rats divided into 9 groups. CCl4 oil solution was used as the toxicant for each rat group except the negative control groups. Hepatoprotective correction was performed using “Heptor”, “Mexidol”, and Oxymethyluracil. Correction was carried out twice (sacrifice after 24 hours) and four times (sacrifice after 72 hours) following a single CCl4 injection. Liver tissues underwent standard histological processing with hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis for caspase-3. The number of caspase-3-positive cells was evaluated using a pre-trained YOLOv5 deep learning model.
Results. After 24 hours of intoxication, no statistically significant differences in the number of caspase-3-positive cells on microphotographs were found in the experimental groups (p=0.087). However, after 72 hours of CCl4 administration, statistically significant differences were observed between the groups (p=0.020). Multiple comparisons showed statistically significant differences between the negative control and positive control groups (p=0.0076), as well as between the positive control group and the group corrected with Oxymethyluracil (p=0.0254).
Limitations. The limitations of the study include the evaluation of histological changes and the expression of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 only at 24 and 72 hours after intoxication without long-term studies, the use of a relatively small number of animals (45 rats), and the reliance solely on standard histological methods, immunohistochemical analysis, and deep learning techniques.
Conclusion: After 72 hours, the positive and negative control groups differed from each other, indicating an exacerbation of apoptosis processes after CCl4 administration. The group corrected with Oxymethyluracil demonstrated fewer caspase-3-positive cells compared to the positive control group, suggesting the hepatoprotective effect of this drug.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Bioethical Commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, conducted in accordance with the European Covention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or for Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the Eurpean Union 2010/63 /EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Contribution:
Baygildin S.S. – collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Repina E.F., Karimov D.O. – the concept and design of the study, editing;
Smolyankin D.A., Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Akhmadeev A.R. – collection and processing of material;
Kudoyarov E.R., Valova Ya.V. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The work was carried out at the expense of subsidies for the implementation of a state task within the framework of the sectoral research program of Rospotrebnadzor “Hygienic scientific substantiation of minimizing risks to the health of the population of Russia” for 2016–2020 on topic 3.5, state no. registration AAAA-A16-116022610045-4. The synthesis of the 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil composition was carried out in accordance with the research plan of the Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (State Registration No. AAAA-A19-119011790021-4).
Received: March 13, 2024 / Revised: April 26, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
234-238
METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Justification of a new method for the quantitative determination of sodium acetate in air for hygienic monitoring of the working environment
Abstract
Introduction. There is proposed a method for monitoring sodium acetate (SA) in the air of the working area, which is widely used in various industries in the absence of a method for its determination.
Materials and methods. In the process of developing the technique, the possibility of using the capillary gas chromatography method with flame ionization detection was studied and justified. The qunatitative analysis of SA was based on the reactions of its preliminary transformation into acetic acid methyl ester. The resulting ether was analyzed chromatographically using a capillary column with a high-polar stationary phase in temperature programming mode.
Results. The developed algorithm includes the capture of SA onto a polyvinyl chloride filter; the extraction of SA with distilled water; the sequential conversion of SA into acetic acid and its methyl ester under the action of a solution of sulfuric acid in methanol; extraction of the reaction product with a hexane-ether mixture and gas chromatographic analysis. In the process of metrological certification of the methodology, its specificity in relation to SA was proved, the indicators of repeatability (3.3%), reproducibility (4.3%), correctness (19%), and accuracy (21%) were established. The technique passed a metrological examination on the base of the Nizhny Novgorod Center for standartization, metrology, and testing and was tested in a laboratory room in conditions of artificially created dustiness. It allows the detecting of SA in the air in the concentration range from 2 to 50 mg/m3 with SA error of no more than 25%, i.e. it meets the requirements of the State System for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements.
Limitations. Since the method is based on acetate ion conversion reactions, any soluble salts of acetic acid can interfere with the determination of sodium acetate.
Conclusion. The developed methodology is specific, quite expressive, sensitive and can be recommended for implementation in the practice of institutions conducting research in the field of assessing the air quality of the work area, creating safe working conditions, and assessing occupational risk.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Potapova I.A. – research concept and design, statistical analysis, text writing;
Fedotova I.V., Chernikova E.F. ‒ text editing;
Umnyagina I.A. ‒ approval of the final version of the article;
Kalacheva E.S., Zharkova E.M., Mel’nikova A.A., Moiseeva E.V. ‒ data collection and processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: April 24, 2024 / Revised: May 7, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025
239-246
SOCIO-HYGIENIC MONITORING
Certification as an effective element of the information and analytical system of social and hygienic monitoring (literature review, part 2)
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, information obtained within the framework of the social and hygienic monitoring (SHM), with details of its analysis, assessments and forecasts of risks and priorities in adverse effects on health, in a compact (and increasingly, in digital form) form is included in the socio-hygienic and sanitary-epidemiological certificates of territories, optimizing the implementation of the results of the SHM in the interests of protecting public health. The first part of the review presents materials from scientific research in the field of social-hygienic, radiation-hygienic, and sanitary-hygienic certification of carcinogenic-hazardous organizations and industries. The second part of the review examines the results of scientific work on sanitary-epidemiological, social-hygienic, and medical-sanitary certification of chemically hazardous objects, as well as work related to promising areas for the development of information and analytical support for SHM and certification – the introduction of digitalization, the use of artificial intelligence and GIS technologies.
The research material was scientific publications on the problem of certification as an element of the information and analytical system of SHM, as well as data on the use of digital technologies, artificial intelligence and GIS technologies in carrying out SHM. Literature search methods: using the CyberLeninka database, selective, analytical-synthetic, typological, bibliographic references.
The experience of sanitary-epidemiological and social-hygienic certification in the Sverdlovsk and Omsk regions, the procedure for carrying out medical and sanitary certification of chemically hazardous territories and objects and the activities of the FMBA in the field of certification are analyzed. The possibilities of using digitalization, artificial intelligence and GIS technologies to improve the efficiency of information and analytical support for the CIS and certification are considered. Research limitations are associated with a lack of data on the use of geoportals and artificial intelligence in SHM.
Conclusion. The development and improvement of the sanitary and epidemiological system with the certification of territories and objects is a continuous process with a transition to a qualitatively higher level of technologies for their information and analytical support to achieve the most complete and adequate assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological situation of the population’s life with the subsequent development and implementation of measures aimed at improving the level of health and minimizing the risks of adverse effects of chemical and biological causes on the population and the environment.
Contribution:
Egorova N.A., Kochetkova M.G. – equal contributions to the development of the concept and design of the study, collection and analysis of material, writing the text, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Savostikova O.N. – organization of research.
All authors – approval of the final version of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: September 19, 2024 / Accepted: January 31, 2025 / Published: March 7, 2025
247-252
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 37884 от 02.10.2009.