Vol 103, No 12 (2024)

Introduction. The source of drinking water supply for the city of Chelyabinsk with a population of more than 1 million people is the Miass River, the flow of which is regulated by the Shershnevskoye and Argazinskoye reservoirs. The waters of these reservoirs are periodically subjected to increased blooming, including cyanobacterial blooming, which makes the water hazardous to human health, requiring special monitoring.

Materials and methods. The objects of research were natural water of the river. The objects of the research were natural water of the Miass River at the Shershnevskoye water reservoir in the water treatment station of the municipal unitary enterprise for water supply and sanitation industrial association “Sosnovskiye water treatment facilities” in Chelyabinsk and treated drinking water before supplying to the distribution network. The results of laboratory-instrumental studies of phytoplankton biomass, quantitative, and qualitative (species composition) of cyanobacteria for 2010–2022 were used. Determination of cyanotoxins microcystin-LR, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and beta-N-methylamine-L-alanine (BMAA) in reservoir water and drinking water supplied to the population was carried out using ready-made immunoenzyme test systems, manufactured by Eurofins Abraxis (USA) by enzyme immunoassay method.

Results. The dominant genera of cyanobacteria identified in the water of the Shershnev Reservoir were: Planktothrix, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, and Anabaena. As a result of monitoring the water of the Shershnev Reservoir and drinking water there were detected following toxins produced by cyanobacteria: microcystin-LR, anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin, and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). The analysis of qualitative and quantitative composition of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins allowed revealing the tendencies of “blooming” processes characteristic for this region, insufficient efficiency to the two-stage purification scheme in relation to: anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, and microcystin-LR.

Limitation. Lack of domestic standards and test systems with the necessary sensitivity and representativeness to expand the range of determined priority cyanotoxins in water.

Conclusion. Regional peculiarities and seasonal patterns of distribution of the consequences of cyanobacterial “blooms” have been revealed. The direction of further research may be the improvement of wastewater treatment systems and drinking water treatment systems. The obtained results can be used as a basis for development of monitoring system, including identification of priority cyanotoxins and assessment of public health risk.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Turbinsky V.V., Pushkareva M.V. – research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Bragina I.V. – concept and design of the study;
Kuz N.V. – concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, text writing;
Sinitsyna O.O. – concept and design of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study was carried out as part of the implementation of the state program “Ensuring the chemical and biological safety of the Russian Federation” for 2021–2024.

Received: October 17, 2024 / Revised: December 13, 2024 / Accepted: December 17, 2024 / Published: December 28, 2024

Introduction. The present study was conducted on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (KhMAO).

The aim of the study was to develop scientifically based approaches to the prevention of adverse climatic and geographical factors in the territories of the Far North, the Arctic and equivalent territories by optimizing nutrition with bioprophylaxis.

Materials and methods. In the course of the study, modern hygienic, epidemiological and statistical research methods were used. The study was conducted on the basis of the Education Center No. 7 in Khanty-Mansiysk. The object of the study were preschool-school-age children and adolescents living in the study area, among whom two groups were formed: the preventive group, which received the bioprophylactic complex “Immunocol Plus”, and the control group, which received a regular diet. The effectiveness of optimized nutrition was evaluated by noninvasive methods: by analyzing immunological indices in the flushing of oral fluid and intestinal microbiota, as well as on the basis of medical examinations and a survey of parents.

Results. As a result of the study, children in KhMAO were found to live in conditions of complex exposure to adverse environmental factors, which forms a deficiency of basic micronutrients that contribute to an adequate immune response of the body to the effects of infectious and non-infectious factors. According to the results of a medical examination after the course of taking Immunocol Plus, the condition of the oropharynx improved in children: the incidence of folliculosis of the posterior pharyngeal wall decreased by almost 2 times. According to the results of laboratory examination of saliva, on the one hand, a decrease in the inflammatory component (interleukin-1β) was noted, on the other hand, stimulation of immunity, which manifested itself in an increase in the secretion of IgA, lysozyme, and gamma interferon in children taking the biocomplex. In addition, the number of normal intestinal microflora in children increased by 2 times, the content of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria decreased by 4.5 times.

Limitations. The present study on the impact of actual nutrition on the alimentary status in children was conducted by non-invasive methods, including using questionnaires, limited by the age of the subjects and the place of residence.

Conclusion. Scientifically based approaches to biological prevention have been developed to increase the general nonspecific resistance of the body and reduce infectious morbidity in regions with unfavourable climatic and geographical factors.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study was conducted in compliance with biomedical ethics standards and in coordination with the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Protocol № 3 from November 7, 2023). All participants and their legal representatives gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Kuzmin S.V. – scientific idea, research concept;
Setko A.G. – research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Sinitsyna O.O. – research design, text editing;
Sutunkova M.P. – material collection and data processing;
Maisel S.G. – material collection and data processing, scientific idea.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study was conducted within the framework of the industry research program on hygiene No. 124031200020-7.

Received: October 21, 2024 / Revised: November 15, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: December 28, 2024

The contribution of pesticides to food security from the 1960s and up to 2100, when the Earth’s population, according to United Nations forecasts, will reach a sustainable value of 10.2 billion people, is considered. There are presented international estimates of the effectiveness of pesticides for crop preservation, the economic feasibility of their use. Side effects of pesticide use, such as the development of resistance and non-target drift, are discussed. A brief description of the system developed in the Soviet Union for substantiating hygienic standards for maximum permissible levels of pesticide residues in food products of plant origin, carried out in accordance with the principle of integrated hygienic standardization, which consists in the fact that the possible intake of a drug into the human body with food products, water, and atmospheric air should not exceed the permissible daily dose for an average-sized person is provided. This approach, applied today in the post-Soviet space, is unique in world practice, since in other member countries of the World Health Organization, when establishing maximum permissible levels (MPLs), the potential intake of the active substance from the environment (water, air) is not taken into account. It is concluded that the use of chemical plant protection products will remain the basis for ensuring food security in the foreseeable future since it is not only cost-effective, but also necessary in the context of population growth and the impossibility of proportionally increasing the area of agricultural land.

The material for this review was mainly data from foreign literature because such analyses have not been published in the domestic press before. One of the reasons for this is the methodological complexity in collecting and evaluating the necessary data for the Russian Federation. When searching for information, the SpringerLink, Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, RINTS and CyberLeninka databases were used.

Contribution:
Masaltsev G.V. – concept and design of the study, collection and analysis of literary data, writing the text;
Veshchemova T.E. – concept and design of the study, collection and analysis of literary data, writing the text;
Rakitskii V.N., Kuzmin S.V. – concept and design of the study.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement.The study was carried out within the framework tof the industry programs of Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) “Scientific justification of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, health risk management and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia” (2021–2025).

Received: November 1, 2024 / Revised: November 27, 2024 / Accepted: Decembeer 3, 2024 / Published: December 28, 2024

Introduction. The increasing prevalence of obesity is a serious health problem, since obesity significantly increases the risk of diseases such as diabetes type 2, fatty liver disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, dementia, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, and some types of cancer, and in general, leads to a significant reduction in life expectancy.

The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of obesity in the adult population of the Russian Federation depending on socio-demographic factors and dietary patterns for the years of observation from 1994 to 2023.

Materials and methods. The current prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population aged 19+ during 2023 was assessed on the base of the body mass index (BMI) by anthropometric parameters of body weight and height obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) during the “Sample Survey of Population Diets” over 2023 based on a random sample of forty five thousand households in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation (72,129 adult members of households, 41% of men and 59% of women). To analyze trends in the prevalence of obesity, the results of observations for 1994–2012 under the RLMS project and the data obtained by Rosstat as part of the population diet survey in 2013–2023 were summarized. The prevalence of overweight and obesity according to WHO criteria was analyzed depending on socio-demographic variables: gender, age, place of residence, level of education, average per capita monthly household income.

Results. Overweight (without obesity, BMI 25.0–29.9) was found in 52.5% of men and 38.9% of women. At the same time, the prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0) is more common in women than in men, respectively, 24.2% and 17.3%. The total frequency of overweight, including obesity, in men is higher than in women, respectively, 69.8% and 63.1%. Among rural residents, the prevalence of obesity is significantly higher than among urban residents. The prevalence of obesity in both urban and rural settlements decreases with an increase in the number of residents. The frequency of obesity in men increases linearly with age from 19 to 65 years, and in the age group over 65 years, it begins to decrease linearly until the age of 90 years. The incidence of overweight, including obesity, increases sharply in men aged of 19 to 35 years, then maintaining a linear increase until the age of 55 years. In women, the incidence of obesity increases slowly from 19 to 50 years, then there is a rapid increase until the age of 65, then, as in men, there is a decrease. In young men, the incidence of overweight, including obesity, at the age of 19–30 years is higher than in women of the same age.

The highest prevalence of obesity was found in the Ural and Siberian Federal Districts, in men, respectively, 22.3% 20.7%, in women, respectively, 27.9%, and 28.5%. The minimum incidence of obesity in men and women was found in the North Caucasus Federal District.

The incidence of obesity among people of both sexes in the wealthiest groups of the population is lower than in the less wealthy (1^st and 2^nd quintiles of average monthly income). The proportion of obese men is significantly lower only in the group with higher education, while in women the incidence of obesity decreases linearly in a series from basic general to higher education.

Discussion. An analysis of the relationship between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the specific structure of macronutrient energy consumption in the diet of the adult population of Russia over the observation years 1994–2023 showed the level of total daily energy consumption, absolute values of macronutrients and % of macronutrient energy to be significantly higher in obese individuals. A direct dependence of the increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity on energy consumption due to fat and an inverse dependence on carbohydrate energy consumption is clearly visible in the course of observations.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are determined by the registration in 2013 of anthropometric indices of the adult population from the respondents’ words without objective measurements of height and body weight, which should be taken into account when interpreting the data obtained.

Conclusion. The results of the analysis of the association of dietary energy structure parameters and the prevalence of obesity should be taken into account when developing a strategy for priority measures to prevent and reduce the prevalence of obesity, both at the population and individual levels.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Martinchik A.N. — concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, writing the text;
Baturin A.K. — collection of material and data processing;
Nikityuk D.B. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Tutelyan V.A. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of government assignment No. FGMF-2022-0001.

Received: October 15, 2024 / Revised: November 19, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: December 28, 2024

Nutrition and provision of physiological needs for energy, food, and biologically active substances is the most important factor determining human health, physical development, and active longevity. Micronutrient deficiencies in nutrition, the increasing prevalence of overweight, obesity, and other risk factors for non-communicable diseases are very relevant for Russia. To ensure an increase in life expectancy and improve the quality of life in the population, a draft Russian epidemiological monitoring for adult nutrition has been prepared.

The purpose of the study is to obtain reliable statistical information including socio-economic and behavioural factors affecting the provision of a healthy diet for the adult population, level of individual food consumption, energy, and nutritional value of the diet, features of the formation and composition of the food basket, individual nutritional status and physical development of the surveyed category of persons, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, alimentary risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD), the relationship of the nature of nutrition and lifestyle with individual indices of health status.

In each subject of the Russian Federation participating in the study, Regional Centers (RC) for monitoring and optimizing nutrition in the population are being created, which can be created on the basis of medical, scientific or educational institutions. The Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety provides the scientific and methodological support for the implementation of the study.

Conclusion. During the study, there will be obtained data on the actual nutrition and nutritional status in the adult working-age population, which will identify the main risk factors for the development of alimentary-dependent CNCD associated with disorders of the nutritional structure of the population in the region; determine priorities for CNCD prevention measures, adjust regional policy in the field of healthy nutrition, taking into account the identified features; to substantiate the directions of development of the regional agro-industrial complex, providing for the production of specialized and enriched with essential nutrients of food products with maximum use of local bioresources and infrastructure; to substantiate and develop food rations for organized teams of various population groups, taking into account the identified regional characteristics; to develop and implement a system of multi-level targeted educational programs in the field of healthy nutrition for specialists and various groups of the region’s population as the most effective and low-cost way of health saving.

Compliance with ethical standards. The examination was approved by the local ethical committee of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (Protocol No. 7 dated of June 06, 2023), conducted in accordance with the ethical provisions of the Helsinki Declaration and the National Standard of the Russian Federation “Good Clinical Practice (GCP)” GOST R 52379–2005.

Contribution:
Tutelyan V.A., Baturin A.K. – concept and design of the study, editing;
Smirnova E.A., Keshabyants E.E., Denisova N.N. – concept and design of research, collection of material, writing of text;
Sorokina E.Y., Korotkova T.N. – writing the text;
Nikityuk D.B. – editing.
All authors are approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgement. The research work on the preparation of the manuscript was carried out at the expense of the state budget for the implementation of the state task on the topic of the FNI № FGMF-2022-0001.

Received: October 15, 2024 / Revised: November 1, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: December 28, 2024

Introduction. The launch of chemical compositions based on pydiflumetofen, which has already proven itself in global agricultural practice as an effective means of suppressing mycotoxin-producing fungi, on the Russian market has set the task of chemical and analytical support for its safe use.

The aim of the study was to develop methods for determining residual amounts of pydiflumetofen in plant products and environmental objects (water, soil, air), which would be available for wide implementation in analytical laboratories, with subsequent use to assess the safety of pesticide application technology on grain crops.

Materials and methods. High-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector was used for measurements. The sample preparation was based on the classical scheme, which consists of extracting the substance from plant samples and soil with a mixture of acetonitrile and water, followed by purification of the extract using solid-phase extraction (SPE). Concentration of the water sample with its simultaneous purification was performed on SPE cartridges. Sampling of air from the working area was performed using paper filters, and atmospheric air was sampled using XAD-2 sorption tubes.

Results. The optimal conditions for the chromatographic separation of pydiflumetofen were selected: a column with a reversed phase (C18), the mobile phase is acetonitrile: water (75:25, by volume), the mode is isocratic, the wavelength is 230 nm. Absolute calibration on a solvent was used. The calibration characteristic is linear in the concentration range of 0.05–0.1 µg/ml, the correlation coefficient is more than 0.99. The lower limit of the detectable concentrations (in grain and soil 0.01 mg/kg, straw – 0.05 mg/kg, water – 0.001 mg/L, air of the working area – 0.01 mg/m³, atmospheric air – 0.005 mg/m³) corresponds to the established hygienic standards.

Limitations. In the study, only cereal grains (wheat, barley) were considered as plant products.

Conclusion. The developed methods were used to assess the safety of the pesticide application technology on grain crops. No residual amounts of the active substance were detected in the elements of the crop (grain, straw) of winter wheat and spring barley over a two-year observation period. Laboratory studies have confirmed the substance to be retained in the upper layers of soil, which limits its penetration into groundwater. The results of the hygienic assessment of the technology of ground spraying of field crops showed the risk to workers to be acceptable.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require a biomedical ethics committee opinion.

Contribution:
Rakitskiy V.N. — concept and design of the study;
Bragina I.V. — concept and design of the study;
Bondareva L.G. — collection and processing of material, writing the text, editing;
Fedorova N.E. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing the text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: November 4, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: December 28, 2024

Safe handling of pesticides plays an important role in protecting public health and the environment. The importance of these issues is determined, first of all, by the specificity of pesticides and their wide application in various areas and spheres of human activity: in agriculture, forestry, public utilities, in personally subsidiary plots, in everyday life, during storage and transportation of food products, etc. The features of pesticides are: the intentionality of their use, high biological activity, the ability to circulate in environmental objects for a long time and accumulate in them, including bioaccumulation in living organisms, the stability of a significant number of preparations and their active ingredients (AI), etc. That is why, all over the world, issues of regulating the handling of pesticides are governed by special regulations, directives and specifications, in many ways similar to the assessment and approval of drugs on the market. Their introduction into practice is preceded by long-term, multi-year research, assessments and examinations, mandatory registration tests of pesticides in real conditions of use and only then their state registration. System of ensuring the safety of food products obtained by using pesticides, tested in practice, including toxicological and hygienic assessment of pesticides, determination of hazard class, development of hygienic standards in food products and regulations for use (safety periods), monitoring of levels of actual contamination of food products, allows assessing their real danger (risk) for consumers, increase the effectiveness of current state sanitary and epidemiological supervision and ensure the prevention of violations of public health.

Contribution:
Rakitskii V.N. – concept and design, writing the text;
Chkhvirkiya E.G. – concept and design, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The article was prepared within the framework of the Rospotrebnadzor industry program “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia” (2021–2025).

Received: October 31, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: December 28, 2024

21 декабря 2024 г. отмечает свой юбилей Борис Александрович Ревич – известный учёный-гигиенист, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник и заведующий лабораторией прогнозирования качества окружающей среды и здоровья населения Института народнохозяйственного прогнозирования РАН.

С глубоким прискорбием сообщаем о кончине Руфины Иринарховны Михайловой, доктора медицинских наук, профессора, сотрудника отдела гигиены Научно-исследовательского института экологии человека и гигиены окружающей среды им. А.Н. Сысина ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России. Она ушла из жизни 11 декабря 2024 г., оставив о себе светлую память, сделав неоценимый вклад в отечественную науку.