Возникновение и эволюция апикального роста у высших растений

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В контексте вопроса об эволюции апикального роста растений структура апикальных меристем гаметофитов и спорофитов сопоставлена с данными об их молекулярно-генетической регуляции. Наличие нескольких апикальных инициалей и вторичных плазмодесм в апикальных меристемах гаметофитов Anthocerotophyta и Marchantiophyta и спорофитов Lycopodiales и Isoetales (Lycopodiopsida) позволяет предположить, что постцитокинетическое формирование плазмодесм и симплексная меристема возникли у общего предка всех высших растений. У гаметофитов Bryophyta и спорофитов Selaginellales и Polypodiopsida, вероятно, произошла реверсия к моноплексному водорослевому типу, связанная с утратой механизма формирования вторичных плазмодесм. Факторы транскрипции C1KNOX специфичны для спорофитов; предположительно, исходно они регулировали диффузную пролиферацию клеток, затем интеркалярную меристему, а смещение их экспрессии на апикальный полюс зародыша сыграло ключевую роль в возникновении апикальной меристемы. Исходной функцией белков WOX была регуляция органогенеза, а роль организующего центра апикальной меристемы возникла только в WUS/WOX5-кладе суперклады T3WOX. CLE/CLAVATA-модуль появился у общего предка высших растений и, регулируя плоскость делений апикальных инициалей, сыграл ключевую роль в преобразовании пластинчатых слоевищ в трехмерные побеги. Гомологи регуляторов органогенеза (ARP, C3HDZ, YABBY и KANADI) у несеменных растений не антагонистичны регуляторам апикальной меристемы, указывая, что программа возникновения листьев могла появиться в результате модификации программы дихотомии побегов. Предположительно, функциональная специфика рассмотренных регуляторов в разных таксонах растений обусловлена различиями в распределении и регуляторной роли ауксина.

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М. А. Романова

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: m.romanova@spbu.ru
Россия, Санкт-Петербург

В. В. Домашкина

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет; Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова РАН

Email: m.romanova@spbu.ru
Россия, Санкт-Петербург; Санкт-Петербург

А. И. Максимова

Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова РАН

Email: m.romanova@spbu.ru
Россия, Санкт-Петербург

О. В. Войцеховская

Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова РАН

Email: m.romanova@spbu.ru
Россия, Санкт-Петербург

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2. Рис. 1. Филогения высших растений и их структурные и регуляторные особенности. Положение таксонов на филогении основано: на Charophyta — Harrison and Morris (2018); мохообразные — Harris et al. (2022); папоротниковидные — PPG I (2016); голосеменные — Yang et al. (2022). Условные обозначения: “+” — наличие, “–” — отсутствие, “?” — отсутствие данных, gmtph — гаметофит, sprph — спорофит. Для генов, кодирующих ТФ WOX, указана принадлежность к суперкладам или кладам, которые наиболее близки к “организатору” апикальной меристемы цветковых WUS. В каждом таксоне кроме мохообразных есть и представители более отдаленных от WUS суперклад.

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3. Рис. 2. Структура и регуляция в апикальной меристеме семенных растений. Схемы продольных срезов апикальной меристемы спорофитов Magnoliidae (А); Gnetidae (В), Pinidae (С). Выделение зон основано на следующих публикациях: Эсау (1969), Steeves, Sussex (1989), Gifford, Foster (1989), Tsukaya (2021). Картирование экспрессии генов и распределения ауксина основано на следующих публикациях: цветковые — Nakata et al. (2012), Nardmann, Werr (2013), Shi, Vernoux (2019); голосеменные — Nardmann et al. (2009), Nardmann and Werr (2013), Finet et al. (2016), Wan et al. (2018), Bueno et al. (2021). AI /AIs — апикальная инициаль или инициали; OC — организующий центр; СМС — зона центральных материнских клеток; CZ — центральная зона; PZ — периферическая зона; P0—P3, последовательные стадии развития листовых примордиев и листьев; RM — стержневая меристема; рith — сердцевина. Предполагаемые взаимодействия между регуляторами апикальной меристемы: стрелки указывают на положительную регуляцию, а отрезки — на отрицательную. Апикальная инициаль или инициали апикальной меристемы и листьев обозначены разными оттенками розового, организующий центр и зона центральных материнских клеток — светло-коричневым, наружный слой туники — прямоугольниками, клетки стержневой меристемы — точками, обозначены места синтеза и базипетального транспорта ауксина — зеленым. Сплошные стрелки означают, что сведения о месте синтеза и транспортных путях ауксина основаны на их визуализации, а пунктирные линии — то, что они основаны на косвенных данных. Остальные обозначения как на рис. 1.

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4. Рис. 3. Структура и регуляция в апикальной меристеме несеменных растений. Схемы продольных срезов апикальной меристемы спорофитов папоротниковидных: Polypodiopsida (А), Equisetopsida (В), схема гаметофита Polypodiopsida и его апикальной меристемы (C), схемы апикальной меристемы спорофитов плауновидных: Selaginellales (D), Lycopodiales (Е). Выделение зон основано на: Stevenson (1976), Paolillo (1963), Романова с соавт. (2010), Evkaikina et al. (2017), Romanova et al. (2022). Картирование экспрессии генов и распределения ауксина основано на следующих публикациях: папоротниковидные — Bharathan et al. (2002), Harrison et al. (2005), Sano et al. (2005), Nardmann, Werr (2012), Ambrose, Vasco (2016), Vasco et al. (2016), Zumajo-Cardona et al. (2019), Vasco, Ambrose (2020); плауновидные — Evkaikina et al. (2017), Spencer et al. (2021), Vasco et al. (2016). LAI / LAIs — апикальная инициаль / инициали листа; SI — поверхностные инициали; SSI — подповерхностные инициали; CuZ — чашевидная зона; RAI — апикальная инициаль корня; sp — спора; rz — ризоид. SI обозначены бледно-розовым цветом, SSI — светло-коричневым; точками обозначены клетки стержневой меристемы и паренхимных валиков по краям АИ гаметофита. Остальные обозначения как на рис. 1, 2.

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5. Рис. 4. Структура и регуляция меристем мохообразных. Схемы гаметофитов и продольных срезов апикальных меристем Anthocerotophyta (А), Marchantiophyta (B); Bryophyta: протонема (С); гаметофор (D) и схемы спорофитов Anthocerotophyta (Е), Marchantiophyta (F); Bryophyta (G). Картирование экспрессии генов и распределения ауксина основано на следующих публикациях: Sakakibara et al. (2014); Yip et al. (2016); Youngstrom et al. (2019); Dierschke et al. (2021), Kohchi et al. (2021), Fouracre, Harrison (2022); Nemec-Venza et al. (2022); Frangedakis et al. (2023). ptn — протонема, cln — каулонема, st — ножка, ft — стопа, im — интеркалярная меристема. Остальные обозначения как на рис. 1–3.

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