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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1993-6508</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1394</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">695606</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RA695606</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">THHQIQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative efficacy of general and regional anesthesia in total knee arthroplasty: a single-center, prospective, blinded, randomized study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительная эффективность общей и регионарной анестезии при тотальном эндопротезировании коленного сустава: одноцентровое проспективное слепое рандомизированное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-9925</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1353-2809</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andrianova</surname><given-names>Tatyana O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андрианова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tanya_andrianova_9@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-4679</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2371-2825</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ezhevskaya</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ежевская</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>annaezhe@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3179-9770</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9677-3426</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимов</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>gerasimoff@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8664-651X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6613-7725</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>Ivan M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Иван Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ivan.nikitin02@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-7705</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7257-0344</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagrekov</surname><given-names>Valeriy I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загреков</surname><given-names>Валерий Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>zagrekov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/695606">https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/695606</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Total knee arthroplasty is associated with substantial postoperative pain. The implementation of regional anesthesia techniques, such as the adductor canal block and infiltration between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the knee (iPACK), is expected to reduce postoperative pain and, consequently, attenuate the surgical stress response.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy, safety, and effect on the stress response of regional and general anesthesia in primary total knee arthroplasty.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 118 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were included in the study. Patients were allocated into three groups: group 1, general anesthesia; group 2, femoral nerve block combined with spinal anesthesia; and group 3, combination of iPACK and adductor canal block with spinal anesthesia. Outcomes included pain intensity assessed by the visual analog scale, serum cortisol and interleukin-6 concentrations, opioid analgesic requirements, quality of recovery assessed using the Quality of Recovery-15 questionnaire, and the incidence of chronic postoperative pain.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Pain intensity in group 1 was higher than in the other groups at all time points (p = 0.000). In group 2, pain scores at 12, 36, 48, and 72 hours were higher than in group 3 (<italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub> = 0.015; 0.001, 0.008, and 0.000, respectively). Breakthrough pain episodes occurred in 13.98% of patients in group 1 and 5.71% in group 2. Cortisol concentrations on postoperative days 1 and 3 were higher in groups 1 and 2: <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub> = 0.001 on the day of surgery; <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub> = 0.000 and <italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub> = 0.000 on postoperative day 1; <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub> = 0.000 and <italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub> = 0.000 on postoperative day 3. Interleukin-6 concentrations were also lower in group 3 on postoperative days 1 and 3: <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub> = 0.001 and <italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub> = 0.002 vs. <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub> = 0.000 and <italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub> = 0.000, respectively. Patients in group 3 demonstrated better functional outcomes. Time to first opioid requirement was 5.75 times longer in group 3 than in group 1 and twice as long in group 2 as in group 1. No adverse events were observed. Chronic pain developed in 16.51%, 11.93%, and 10.09% of patients 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, respectively.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Regional anesthesia in total knee arthroplasty, specifically the combination of spinal anesthesia with iPACK and adductor canal block, is an effective perioperative analgesic strategy and a promising approach for attenuating the stress response and reducing the risk of chronic postoperative pain.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Тотальное эндопротезирование коленного сустава сопровождается выраженным болевым синдромом. Предполагается, что внедрение в анестезиологическую практику методик регионарной анестезии, таких как блокада приводящего канала и инфильтрация пространства между подколенной артерией и мыщелком бедренной кости (iPACK), должно уменьшить выраженность болевого синдрома в послеоперационном периоде и, как следствие, уменьшить выраженность хирургического стресс-ответа.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Сравнительная оценка анальгетической эффективности, безопасности, влияния на стресс-ответ регионарной и общей анестезии при операциях первичного эндопротезирования коленного сустава.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В исследование были включены 118 пациентов, перенёсших тотальное эндопротезирование коленного сустава. Пациентов разделили на три группы: Группа I — общая анестезия; Группа II — блокада бедренного нерва в сочетании со спинальной анестезией; Группа III — комбинация iPACK и блокады приводящего канала в сочетании со спинальной анестезией. Оценивали выраженность болевого синдрома по визуальной аналоговой шкале, концентрации кортизола и интерлейкина-6 в сыворотке крови, потребность в наркотических анальгетиках, качество восстановления по шкале QoR-15, а также частоту развития хронической боли в послеоперационном периоде.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Интенсивность боли в Группе I была выше по сравнению с другими группами на всех этапах наблюдения (<italic>p=</italic>0,000). В Группе II уровень боли через 12, 36, 48 и 72 ч превышал показатели Группы III (<italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub>=0,015; 0,001; 0,008 и 0,000 соответственно). Эпизоды прорывной боли отмечались у 13,98% пациентов в Группе I и 5,71% в Группе II. Концентрация кортизола на 1-е и 3-и сутки была выше в группах I и II: <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub>=0,001 в день операции; <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub>=0,000 и <italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub>=0,000 в 1-е сутки после операции; <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub>=0,000 и <italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub>=0,000 на 3-и сутки после операции. Концентрация интерлейкина-6 также была ниже в Группе III на 1-е и 3-и сутки после операции: <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub>=0,001 и <italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub>=0,002 против <italic>p</italic><sub>1,3</sub>=0,000 и <italic>p</italic><sub>2,3</sub>=0,000 соответственно. Пациенты из Группы III демонстрировали лучшие результаты функциональных тестов. Время требования наркотических анальгетиков было в 5,75 раза больше в Группе III, чем в Группе I, и вдвое больше в Группе II, чем в Группе I. Нежелательных реакций в ходе исследования зарегистрировано не было. Развитие хронического болевого синдрома наблюдалось у 16,51% пациентов через 3 месяца, у 11,93% через 6 месяцев и у 10,09% через год после операции.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Регионарная анестезия при тотальном эндопротезировании коленного сустава, а именно сочетание спинальной анестезии с iPACK и блокадой приводящего канала, является эффективным периоперационным способом обезболивания, а также стратегическим подходом, лимитирующим стрессовую реакцию организма и риск хронической боли в будущем.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>regional anesthesia</kwd><kwd>iPACK block</kwd><kwd>cortisol</kwd><kwd>IL-6</kwd><kwd>adductor canal block</kwd><kwd>general anesthesia</kwd><kwd>total knee arthroplasty</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>регионарная анестезия</kwd><kwd>iPACK-блок</kwd><kwd>кортизол</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин-6</kwd><kwd>блокада приводящего канала</kwd><kwd>общая анестезия</kwd><kwd>тотальное эндопротезирование коленного сустава</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Nielsen NI, Kehlet H, Gromov K, et al. 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