Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain ManagementRegional Anesthesia and Acute Pain ManagementРегионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли1993-65082687-1394Eco-Vector63407510.17816/RA634075ReviewsНаучные обзорыReview ArticleAnesthesia for thyroid surgery and the possible role of regional blocksАнестезия при операциях на щитовидной железе и возможности регионарных блокад в качестве её компонента (обзор)https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8598-79282536-1337AlekseevAnton А.АлексеевАнтон Александрович
Russian Federation
aalekseev.aa@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-49272048-9705PolitovMikhail Е.ПолитовМихаил Евгеньевич
Russian Federation

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

канд. мед. наук

politov.mikhail@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-86991277-9220OvechkinАlexei М.ОвечкинАлексей Михайлович
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)

д-р мед. наук

ovechkin_alexei@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5224-52943033-9889SozonovaEkaterina А.СозоноваЕкатерина Андреевна
Russian Federation
sozonova_katya@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5103-03041343-9793YavorovskiyAndrey G.ЯворовскийАндрей Георгиевич
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)

д-р мед. наук

yavorovskiy_a_g@staff.sechenov.ruSechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)04102024211220241832012160507202413092024Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор2024Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/634075

The number of thyroid surgeries is increasing annually. The choice of anesthetic approach influences the speed and quality of postoperative recovery and affects the risk of complications. This review presents data from clinical studies and meta-analyses regarding the impact of various anesthesia methods in thyroid surgery on surgical stress response, hormonal status, and complication risk. The findings indicate that regional anesthesia techniques help to reduce postoperative pain intensity, nausea and vomiting, and the incidence of chronic postoperative pain syndrome. Incorporating regional anesthesia techniques into enhanced recovery after surgery protocols for thyroid surgery helps reduce hospital stay duration and treatment costs. The superficial cervical plexus block is a well-studied, simple, and safe technique, while the intermediate cervical plexus block is less studied but considered safe. The deep cervical plexus block is associated with a higher risk of serious complications. Advancements in ultrasound-guided anesthesia have enabled the use of previously inaccessible regional techniques. Potentially beneficial methods for thyroid surgery include pericapsular block and block of ligament of Berry. Further research is required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these methods.

Количество операций на щитовидной железе увеличивается с каждым годом. Выбор анестезиологического подхода влияет на скорость и качество восстановления после вмешательств, определяет риск осложнений. В обзоре представлены данные клинических исследований и метаанализов, посвящённых влиянию различных вариантов анестезии при операциях на щитовидной железе на хирургический стресс-ответ, гормональный статус и риск осложнений. Результаты обзора показывают, что применение регионарных методов способствует снижению интенсивности послеоперационной боли, тошноты и рвоты, частоты формирования хронического послеоперационного болевого синдрома. Включение регионарных методик в протоколы ускоренного восстановления после операций на щитовидной железе способствует уменьшению сроков госпитализации и стоимости лечения. Хорошо изученной, простой и безопасной методикой является поверхностная блокада шейного сплетения, менее изученной, но безопасной — промежуточная блокада шейного сплетения. Глубокая блокада шейного сплетения ассоциирована с более высоким риском серьёзных осложнений. Развитие ультразвуковых технологий в анестезии позволяет использовать ранее недоступные регионарные методики. К потенциально полезным методикам при операциях на щитовидной железе можно отнести перикапсулярную блокаду и блокаду связки Берри. Для оценки эффективности и безопасности этих методов требуется их дальнейшее изучение.

thyroidectomygeneral anesthesiaregional anesthesiacervical plexus blockcervical plexusnerve blockтиреоидэктомияобщая анестезиярегионарная анестезияблокада шейного сплетенияшейное сплетениеблокада нервовKitahara CM, Schneider AB. Epidemiology of thyroid cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention . 2022;31(7):1284–1297. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-1440Kitahara C.M., Schneider A.B. Epidemiology of thyroid cancer // Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2022. Vol. 31, N. 7. P. 1284–1297. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-1440Wiersinga WM, Poppe KG, Effraimidis G. Hyperthyroidism: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology . 2023;11(4):282–298. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00005-0Wiersinga W.M., Poppe K.G., Effraimidis G. Hyperthyroidism: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis // The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2023. Vol. 11, N. 4. P. 282–298. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00005-0Shurgaya MA, Pogosyan GE, Puzin SN, et al. Epidemiological aspects of the incidence of thyroid cancer in the Russian Federation . Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation . 2020; 23(2):27–32. doi: 10.17816/MSER34885Шургая М.А., Погосян Г.Э., Пузин С.Н., и др. Эпидемиологические аспекты заболеваемости раком щитовидной железы в Российской Федерации // Медико-социальная экспертиза и реабилитация. 2020. Т. 23, № 2. С. 27–32. doi: 10.17816/MSER34885Troshina EA, Platonova NM, Panfilova EA. Dynamics of epidemiological indicators of thyroid pathology in the population of the Russian Federation: analytical report for the period 2009–2018. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) . 2021;67(2):10–19. doi: 10.14341/probl12433Трошина Е.А., Платонова Н.М., Панфилова Е.А. Динамика эпидемиологических показателей тиреоидной патологии у населения Российской Федерации: аналитический отчёт за период 2009–2018 гг. // Проблемы эндокринологии. 2021. Т. 67, № 2. С. 10–19. doi: 10.14341/probl12433Patel KN, Yip L, Lubitz CC, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Definitive Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease in Adults. Annals of Surgery . 2020;271(3):e21–e93. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003580Patel K.N., Yip L., Lubitz C.C., et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Definitive Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease in Adults // Annals of Surgery. 2020. Vol. 271, N. 3. P. e21–e93. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003580De Cassai A, Boscolo A, Rose K, Carron M, Navalesi P. Predictive parameters of difficult intubation in thyroid surgery: a meta-analysis. Minerva anestesiologica . 2020;86(3):317–326. doi: 10.23736/s0375-9393.19.14127-2De Cassai A., Boscolo A., Rose K., et al. Predictive parameters of difficult intubation in thyroid surgery: a meta-analysis. // Minerva Anestesiologica. 2020. Vol. 86, N. 3. P. 317–326. doi: 10.23736/s0375-9393.19.14127-2Jin S, Sugitani I. Narrative review of management of thyroid surgery complications. Gland Surgery . 2021;10(3):1135–1146. doi: 10.21037/gs-20-859Jin S., Sugitani I. Narrative review of management of thyroid surgery complications // Gland Surg. 2021. Vol. 10, N. 3. P. 1135–1146. doi: 10.21037/gs-20-859Lu IC, Lin IH, Wu CW, et al. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative anesthetic prospective for thyroid surgery: what’s new. Gland Surg . 2017;6(5):469–475.Lu I.-C., Lin I.H., Wu C.W., et al. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative anesthetic prospective for thyroid surgery: what’s new // Gland Surg. 2017. Vol. 6, N. 5. P. 469–475. doi: 10.21037/gs.2017.05.02Altaiey AMH. Cervical Epidural Anesthesia for Large Goiter with Tracheal Deviation. HIV Nursing . 2023;23(1):822–824.Altaiey A.M.H. Cervical epidural anesthesia for large goiter with tracheal deviation // HIV Nursing. 2023. Vol. 23, N. 1. P. 822–824.Prasad AK. Comparative Study of Safety, Effectiveness and Ease of Thyroidectomy under Cervical Epidural and General Anaesthesia. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences . 2018;17(7):56–60.Prasad A.K. Comparative study of safety, effectiveness and ease of thyroidectomy under cervical epidural and general anaesthesia // IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2018. Vol. 17, N. 7. P. 56–60.Spanknebel K, Chabot JA, DiGiorgi M, et al. Thyroidectomy using local anesthesia: A report of 1,025 cases over 16 years. Journal of the American College of Surgeons . 2005;201(3):375–385. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.04.034Spanknebel K., Chabot J.A., DiGiorgi M., et al. Thyroidectomy Using Local Anesthesia: A Report of 1,025 Cases over 16 Years // Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2005. Vol. 201, N. 3. P. 375–385. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.04.034Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia . 2000;85(1):109–117. doi: 10.1093/bja/85.1.109Desborough J.P. The stress response to trauma and surgery // British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000. Vol. 85, N. 1. P. 109–117. doi: 10.1093/bja/85.1.109Chikenji T, Mizutani M, Kitsukawa Y. Anaesthesia, not surgical stress, induces increases in serum concentrations of reverse triiodothyronine and thyroxine during surgery. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes . 1990;95(2):217–223. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1210955Chikenji T., Mizutani M., Kitsukawa Y. Anaesthesia, not surgical stress, induces increases in serum concentrations of reverse triiodothyronine and thyroxine during surgery // Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1990. Vol. 95, N. 2. P. 217–223. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1210955Ovechkin AM. Surgical stress-response, its pathophysiological significance and methods of modulation. Regional anesthesia and acute pain management. 2008;2(2):49–62. EDN: TDQEEXОвечкин А.М. Хирургический стресс-ответ, его патофизиологическая значимость и способы модуляции // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2008. Т. 2, № 2. С. 49–62. EDN: TDQEEXIlias I, Tzanela M, Mavrou I, et al. Thyroid function changes and cytokine alterations following major surgery. Neuroimmunomodulation . 2007;14(5):243–247. doi: 10.1159/000112049Ilias I., Tzanela M., Mavrou I., et al. Thyroid function changes and cytokine alterations following major surgery // Neuroimmunomodulation. 2007. Vol. 14, N. 5. P. 243–247. doi: 10.1159/000112049Grycz E, Siemiątkowski A. Stress hormone response to various anaesthetic techniques during thyreidectomy. Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy . 2012;44(1):4–7.Grycz E., Siemiątkowski A. Stress hormone response to various anaesthetic techniques during thyreidectomy // Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy. Termedia, 2012. Vol. 44, N. 1. P. 4–7.Wang LD, Gao X, Li JY, et al. Effects of preemptive analgesia with parecoxib sodium on haemodynamics and plasma stress hormones in surgical patients with thyroid carcinoma. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention . 2015;16(9):3977–3980. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.9.3977Wang L.-D., Gao X., Li J.Y., et al. Effects of preemptive analgesia with parecoxib sodium on haemodynamics and plasma stress hormones in surgical patients with thyroid carcinoma // Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015. Vol. 16, N. 9. P. 3977–3980. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.9.3977Du D, Qiao Q, Guan Z, et al. Combined sevoflurane-dexmedetomidine and nerve blockade on post-surgical serum oxidative stress biomarker levels in thyroid cancer patients. WJCC . 2022;10(10):3027–3034. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i10.3027Du D., Qiao Q., Guan Z., et al. Combined sevoflurane-dexmedetomidine and nerve blockade on post-surgical serum oxidative stress biomarker levels in thyroid cancer patients // WJCC. 2022. Vol. 10, N. 10. P. 3027–3034. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i10.3027Zhang C, Zhou M, Li M. Clinical study of electroacupuncture on perioperative analgesia in patients with thyroid surgery under cervical plexus block. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu . 2018;38(12):1261–1265. doi: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.2018.12.002Zhang C., Zhou M., Li M. Clinical study of electroacupuncture on perioperative analgesia in patients with thyroid surgery under cervical plexus block // Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2018. Vol. 38, N. 12. P. 1261–1265. doi: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.2018.12.002Zhang W, Zhang M, Han Y, et al. Combined acupuncture-medicine anesthesia used in thyroid surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine . 2023;102(1):e32582. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032582Zhang W., Zhang M., Han Y., et al. Combined acupuncture-medicine anesthesia used in thyroid surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Medicine. 2023. Vol. 102, N. 1. P. e32582. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032582Kuo JH, Huang Y, Kluger MD, et al. Use and Misuse of Opioids After Endocrine Surgery Operations. Annals of Surgery . 2021;274(6):e1144. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003777Kuo J.H., Huang Y., Kluger M.D., et al. Use and misuse of opioids after endocrine surgery operations // Annals of Surgery. 2021. Vol. 274, N. 6. P. e1144. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003777Uhlmann RA, Reinhart HA, Postevka E, et al. A Review of Postoperative Pain Management for Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery. J Surg Res . 2019;241:107–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.03.050Uhlmann R.A., Reinhart H.A., Postevka E., et al. A review of postoperative pain management for thyroid and parathyroid surgery // J Surg Res. 2019. Vol. 241. P. 107–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.03.050Nguyen BK, Stathakios J, Quan D, et al. Perioperative analgesia for patients undergoing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy: An evidence-based review. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 2020;129(10):949–963. doi: 10.1177/0003489420919134Nguyen B.K., Stathakios J., Quan D., et al. Perioperative analgesia for patients undergoing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy: An evidence-based review // Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2020. Vol. 129, N. 10. P. 949–963. doi: 10.1177/0003489420919134Ochoa JE, Socik AJ, Yeh MW, Wu JX. Perioperative pain management for thyroid and parathyroid surgery: A systematic review. The American Journal of Surgery . 2022;223(4):641–651. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.06.017Ochoa J.E., Socik A.J., Yeh M.W., Wu J.X. Perioperative pain management for thyroid and parathyroid surgery: A systematic review // The American Journal of Surgery. 2022. Vol. 223, N. 4. P. 641–651. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.06.017Long K, Ruiz J, Kee S, et al. Effect of adjunctive dexmedetomidine on postoperative intravenous opioid administration in patients undergoing thyroidectomy in an ambulatory setting. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia . 2016;35:361–364. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.08.036Long K., Ruiz J., Kee S., et al. Effect of adjunctive dexmedetomidine on postoperative intravenous opioid administration in patients undergoing thyroidectomy in an ambulatory setting // Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2016. Vol. 35. P. 361–364. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.08.036Xing J, Wu R, Liang L, Fang H, Chen L, Luo C. Comparison of the analgesic effects of intravenous infusion of Dexmedetomidine versus bilateral superficial cervical plexus block after thyroidectomy: a randomized controlled trial. The Clinical Journal of Pain . 2021;37(8):623–628. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000954Xing J., Wu R., Liang L., et al. Comparison of the analgesic effects of intravenous infusion of Dexmedetomidine versus bilateral superficial cervical plexus block after thyroidectomy: a randomized controlled trial // Clinical Journal of Pain. 2021. Vol. 37, N. 8. P. 623–628. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000954Sanders JG, Dawes PJD. Gabapentin for perioperative analgesia in otorhinolaryngology — head and neck surgery: Systematic review. Otolaryngol head neck surg . 2016;155(6):893–903. doi: 10.1177/0194599816659042Sanders J.G., Dawes P.J.D. Gabapentin for Perioperative Analgesia in Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery: Systematic Review // Otolaryngol head neck surg. 2016. Vol. 155, N. 6. P. 893–903. doi: 10.1177/0194599816659042Choi GJ, Kang H, Ahn EJ, et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous lidocaine for thyroidectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. World journal of surgery . 2016;40(12):2941–2947. doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3619-6Choi G.J., Kang H., Ahn E.J., et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous lidocaine for thyroidectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial // World journal of surgery. 2016. Vol. 40, N. 12. P. 2941–2947. doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3619-6Wilson L, Malhotra R, Mayhew D, Banerjee A. The analgesic effects of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block in thyroid surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia . 2023;67(7):579–589. doi: 10.4103/ija.ija_806_22Wilson L., Malhotra R., Mayhew D., Banerjee A. The analgesic effects of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block in thyroid surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2023. Vol. 67, N. 7. P. 579–589. doi: 10.4103/ija.ija_806_22Mayhew D, Sahgal N, Khirwadkar R, Hunter JM, Banerjee A. Analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block for thyroid surgery: meta-analysis and systematic review. British Journal of Anaesthesia . 2018;120(2):241–251. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.083Mayhew D., Sahgal N., Khirwadkar R., et al. Analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block for thyroid surgery: meta-analysis and systematic review // British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018. Vol. 120, N. 2. P. 241–251. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.083Warschkow R, Tarantino I, Jensen K, et al. Bilateral Superficial Cervical Plexus Block in Combination with General Anesthesia Has a Low Efficacy in Thyroid Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Thyroid . 2012;22(1):44–52. doi: 10.1089/thy.2011.0260Warschkow R., Tarantino I., Jensen K., et al. Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block in combination with general anesthesia has a low efficacy in thyroid surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials // Thyroid. 2012. Vol. 22, N. 1. P. 44–52. doi: 10.1089/thy.2011.0260Cai Y, Nong L, Li H, et al. Effect of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block on postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting in thyroid surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. APS . 2023;1(2):13. doi: 10.1007/s44254-023-00012-8Cai Y., Nong L., Li H., et al. Effect of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block on postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting in thyroid surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis // APS. 2023. Vol. 1, N. 2. P. 13. doi: 10.1007/s44254-023-00012-8Jo JY, Choi SS, Yi JM, et al. Differential postoperative effects of volatile anesthesia and intraoperative remifentanil infusion in 7511 thyroidectomy patients: A propensity score matching analysis. medicine . 2016;95(7):e2764. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002764Jo J.-Y., Choi S.S., Yi J.M., et al. Differential postoperative effects of volatile anesthesia and intraoperative remifentanil infusion in 7511 thyroidectomy patients: A propensity score matching Analysis // Medicine. 2016. Vol. 95, N. 7. P. e2764. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002764Jo JY, Kim YJ, Choi SS, et al. A prospective randomized comparison of postoperative pain and complications after thyroidectomy under different anesthetic techniques: Volatile anesthesia versus total intravenous anesthesia. Pain Research and Management . 2021;2021:1–7. doi: 10.1155/2021/8876906Jo J.-Y., Kim Y.J., Choi S.S., et al. A prospective randomized comparison of postoperative pain and complications after thyroidectomy under different anesthetic techniques: volatile anesthesia versus total intravenous anesthesia // Pain Research and Management. 2021. Vol. 2021. P. 1–7. doi: 10.1155/2021/8876906Schraag S, Pradelli L, Alsaleh AJO, et al. Propofol vs. inhalational agents to maintain general anaesthesia in ambulatory and in-patient surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018;18(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s12871-018-0632-3Schraag S., Pradelli L., Alsaleh A.J.O., et al. Propofol vs. inhalational agents to maintain general anaesthesia in ambulatory and in-patient surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis // BMC Anesthesiol. 2018. Vol. 18, N. 1. Р. 162. doi: 10.1186/s12871-018-0632-3Ovechkin AM. Chronic postoperative pain syndrome — «a pitfall» of modern surgery. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management . 2016;10(1):5–18. doi: 10.18821/19936508-2016-10-1-5-18Овечкин А.М. Хронический послеоперационный болевой синдром — подводный камень современной хирургии // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2016. Т. 10, № 1. С. 5–18. doi: 10.18821/19936508-2016-10-1-5-18Wattier JM, Caïazzo R, Andrieu G, et al. Chronic post-thyroidectomy pain: Incidence, typology, and risk factors. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine . 2016;35(3):197–201. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.10.006Wattier J.-M., Caïazzo R., Andrieu G., et al. Chronic post-thyroidectomy pain: Incidence, typology, and risk factors // Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine. 2016. Vol. 35, N. 3. P. 197–201. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.10.006Brogly N, Wattier JM, Andrieu G, et al. Gabapentin attenuates late but not early postoperative pain after thyroidectomy with superficial cervical plexus block. Anesthesia & Analgesia . 2008;107(5):1720. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318185cf73Brogly N., Wattier J.M., Andrieu G., et al. Gabapentin attenuates late but not early postoperative pain after thyroidectomy with superficial cervical plexus block // Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2008. Vol. 107, N. 5. P. 1720. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318185cf73Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S, et al. Fourth Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. Anesthesia & Analgesia . 2020;131(2):411–448. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004833Gan T.J., Belani K.G., Bergese S., et al. Fourth Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting // Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2020. Vol. 131, N. 2. P. 411–448. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004833Cho YJ, Choi GJ, Ahn EJ, Kang H. Pharmacologic interventions for postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS ONE . 2021;16(1):e0243865. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243865Cho Y.J., Choi G.J., Ahn E.J., Kang H. Pharmacologic interventions for postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis // PLoS ONE. 2021. Vol. 16, N. 1. P. e0243865. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243865Ye H, Gou J, Li S, Ji Q. Preoperative dexamethasone administration in reducing the incidence of nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of drug dosage. Gland Surg . 2024;13(2):189–198. doi: 10.21037/gs-23-260Ye H., Gou J., Li S., Ji Q. Preoperative dexamethasone administration in reducing the incidence of nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of drug dosage // Gland Surg. 2024. Vol. 13, N. 2. P. 189–198. doi: 10.21037/gs-23-260Chorath K, Luu N, Go BC, et al. ERAS Protocols for Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol head neck surg . 2022;166(3):425–433. doi: 10.1177/01945998211019671Chorath K., Luu N., Go B.C., Moreira A., Rajasekaran K. ERAS protocols for thyroid and parathyroid surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Otolaryngol head neck surg. 2022. Vol. 166, N. 3. P. 425–433. doi: 10.1177/01945998211019671Yip L, Carty SE, Holder-Murray JM, et al. A specific enhanced recovery protocol decreases opioid use after thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Surgery . 2021;169(1):197–201. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.04.065Yip L., Carty S.E., Holder-Murray J.M., et al. A specific enhanced recovery protocol decreases opioid use after thyroid and parathyroid surgery // Surgery. 2021. Vol. 169, N. 1. P. 197–201. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.04.065Lide RC, Creighton EW, Yeh J, et al. Opioid reduction in ambulatory thyroid and parathyroid surgery after implementing enhanced recovery after surgery protocol. Head & Neck . 2021;43(5):1545–1552. doi: 10.1002/hed.26617Lide R.C., Creighton E.W., Yeh J., et al. Opioid reduction in ambulatory thyroid and parathyroid surgery after implementing enhanced recovery after surgery protocol // Head & Neck. 2021. Vol. 43, N. 5. P. 1545–1552. doi: 10.1002/hed.26617Suri KB, Hunter CW, Davidov T, et al. Postoperative recovery advantages in patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery under regional anesthesia. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth . 2010;14(1):49–50. doi: 10.1177/1089253210363010Suri K.B., Hunter C.W., Davidov T., et al. Postoperative Recovery Advantages in Patients Undergoing Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Under Regional Anesthesia // Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010. Vol. 14, N. 1. P. 49–50. doi: 10.1177/1089253210363010Aunac S, Carlier M, Singelyn F, De Kock M. The analgesic efficacy of bilateral combined superficial and deep cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under general anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia . 2002;95(3):746–750. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200209000-00039Aunac S., Carlier M., Singelyn F., De Kock M. The analgesic efficacy of bilateral combined superficial and deep cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under general anesthesia // Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2002. Vol. 95, N. 3. P. 746–750. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200209000-00039Suh YJ, Kim YS, In JH, et al. Comparison of analgesic efficacy between bilateral superficial and combined (superficial and deep) cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery: European Journal of Anaesthesiology . 2009;26(12):1043–1047. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832d6913Suh Y.J., Kim Y.S., In J.H., et al. Comparison of analgesic efficacy between bilateral superficial and combined (superficial and deep) cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery // European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2009. Vol. 26, N. 12. P. 1043–1047. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832d6913Syal K, Chandel A, Goyal A, Sharma A. Comparison of ultrasound-guided intermediate vs subcutaneous cervical plexus block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy: A randomised double-blind trial. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia . 2020;64(1):37. doi: 10.4103/ija.IJA_483_19Syal K., Chandel A., Goyal A., Sharma A. Comparison of ultrasound-guided intermediate vs subcutaneous cervical plexus block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy: A randomised double-blind trial // Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2020. Vol. 64, N. 1. P. 37. doi: 10.4103/ija.IJA_483_19Liu Z, Bi C, Li X, Song R. The efficacy and safety of opioid-free anesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block vs. opioid-based anesthesia in thyroid surgery — a randomized controlled trial. J Anesth . 2023;37(6):914–922. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03254-9Liu Z., Bi C., Li X., Song R. The efficacy and safety of opioid-free anesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block vs. opioid-based anesthesia in thyroid surgery — a randomized controlled trial // J Anesth. 2023. Vol. 37, N. 6. P. 914–922. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03254-9Shanthanna H, Mendis N, Goel A. Cervical epidural analgesia in current anaesthesia practice: systematic review of its clinical utility and rationale, and technical considerations. British Journal of Anaesthesia . 2016;116(2):192–207. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev453Shanthanna H., Mendis N., Goel A. Cervical epidural analgesia in current anaesthesia practice: systematic review of its clinical utility and rationale, and technical considerations // British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2016. Vol. 116, N. 2. P. 192–207. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev453Khanna R, Singh DK. Cervical epidural anaesthesia for thyroid surgery. Kathmandu Univ Med J . 2009;7(27):242–245. doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i3.2731Khanna R., Singh D.K. Cervical epidural anaesthesia for thyroid surgery // Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2009. Vol. 7, N. 27. P. 242–245. doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i3.2731Jain G, Bansal P, Garg G, et al. Comparison of three different formulations of local anaesthetics for cervical epidural anaesthesia during thyroid surgery. Indian J Anaesth . 2012;56(2):129. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.96306Jain G., Bansal P., Garg G., et al. Comparison of three different formulations of local anaesthetics for cervical epidural anaesthesia during thyroid surgery // Indian J Anaesth. 2012. Vol. 56, N. 2. P. 129. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.96306Pandit JJ, Satya-Krishna R, Gration P. Superficial or deep cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of complications. British Journal of Anaesthesia . 2007;99(2):159–169. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem160Pandit J.J., Satya-Krishna R., Gration P. Superficial or deep cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of complications // British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2007. Vol. 99, N. 2. P. 159–169. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem160Masters RD, Castresana EJ, Castresana MR. Superficial and deep cervical plexus block: technical considerations. AANA journal . 1995;63(3):235–243.Masters R.D., Castresana E.J., Castresana M.R. Superficial and deep cervical plexus block: technical considerations // AANA J. 1995. Vol. 63, N. 3. P. 235–243.Li J, Szabova A. Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks in the Head and Neck for Chronic Pain Management: The Anatomy, Sonoanatomy, and Procedure. Pain Physician . 2021;24(8):533–548.Li J., Szabova A. Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in the head and neck for chronic pain management: The anatomy, sonoanatomy, and procedure // Pain Physician. 2021. Vol. 24, N. 8. P. 533–548.Singh SK. The cervical plexus: anatomy and ultrasound guided blocks. Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care . 2015;19(3).Singh S.K. The cervical plexus: anatomy and ultrasound guided blocks // Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care. 2015. Vol. 19, N. 3. P. 323–332.Winnie AP, Ramamurthy S, Durrani Z, Radonjic R. Interscalene cervical plexus block: a single-injection technic. Anesthesia & Analgesia . 1975;54(3):370–375. doi: 10.1213/00000539-197505000-00030Winnie A.P., Ramamurthy S., Durrani Z., Radonjic R. Interscalene cervical plexus block: a single-injection technic // Anesthesia & Analgesia. 1975. Vol. 54, N. 3. P. 370–375. doi: 10.1213/00000539-197505000-00030Perisanidis C, Saranteas T, Kostopanagiotou G. Ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus nerve block for regional anaesthesia in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology . 2013;42(2):29945724. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/29945724Perisanidis C., Saranteas T., Kostopanagiotou G. Ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus nerve block for regional anaesthesia in oral and maxillofacial surgery // Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Oxford University Press, 2013. Vol. 42, N. 2. P. 29945724. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/29945724Saranteas T, Kostopanagiotou GG, Anagnostopoulou S, et al. A simple method for blocking the deep cervical nerve plexus using an ultrasound-guided technique. Anaesthesia and intensive care . 2011;39(5):971–2.Saranteas T., Kostopanagiotou G.G., Anagnostopoulou S., et al. A simple method for blocking the deep cervical nerve plexus using an ultrasound-guided technique // Anaesthesia and intensive care. 2011. Vol. 39, N. 5. P. 971–2.Pandit JJ, Dutta D, Morris JF. Spread of injectate with superficial cervical plexus block in humans: an anatomical study. British Journal of Anaesthesia . 2003;91(5):733–735. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeg250Pandit J.J., Dutta D., Morris J.F. Spread of injectate with superficial cervical plexus block in humans: an anatomical study // British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003. Vol. 91, N. 5. P. 733–735. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeg250Ramachandran SK, Picton P, Shanks A, Dorje P, Pandit JJ. Comparison of intermediate vs subcutaneous cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy. British journal of anaesthesia . 2011;107(2):157–163. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer118Ramachandran S.K., Picton P., Shanks A., et al. Comparison of intermediate vs subcutaneous cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy // British journal of anaesthesia. 2011. Vol. 107, N. 2. P. 157–163. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer118Barone M, Diemunsch P, Baldassarre E, et al. Carotid endarterectomy with intermediate cervical plexus block. Texas Heart Institute Journal . 2010;37(3):297–300.Barone M., Diemunsch P., Baldassarre E., et al. Carotid endarterectomy with intermediate cervical plexus block // Texas Heart Institute Journal. 2010. Vol. 37, N. 3. P. 297–300.Kefalianakis F, Koeppel T, Geldner G, Gahlen J. Carotid-surgery in ultrasound-guided anesthesia of the regio colli lateralis. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie . 2005;40(10):576–581. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-870377Kefalianakis F., Koeppel T., Geldner G., Gahlen J. Carotid-surgery in ultrasound-guided anesthesia of the regio colli lateralis // Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie. 2005. Vol. 40, N. 10. P. 576–581. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-870377Choquet O, Dadure C, Capdevila X. Ultrasound-guided deep or intermediate cervical plexus block: the target should be the posterior cervical space. Anesthesia & Analgesia . 2010;111(6):1563–1564. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181f1d48fChoquet O., Dadure C., Capdevila X. Ultrasound-guided deep or intermediate cervical plexus block: the target should be the posterior cervical space // Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2010. Vol. 111, N. 6. P. 1563–1564. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181f1d48fRomanchishen AF, Gostymsky AV, Carpathian IV. Surgical anatomy of the capsule and fascial vagina of the thyroid gland . Medicina: teoriya i praktika. 2017;2(4):10–18. EDN: XSHKHZРоманчишен А.Ф., Гостимский А.В., Карпатский И.В. Хирургическая анатомия капсулы и фасциального влагалища щитовидной железы // Медицина: теория и практика. 2017. Т. 2, № 4. С. 10–18. EDN: XSHKHZBinboga S, Gemici E, Binboga E, et al. Thyroid Anatomy. In: Knowledges on Thyroid Cancer . IntechOpen; 2019. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.85194Binboga S., Gemici E., Binboga E., et al. Thyroid Anatomy // Knowledges on Thyroid Cancer. 2019. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.85194Vishnevsky AV. Local Anesthesia By The Method Of Creeping Infiltration; 5th edition, revised and expanded. Medgiz; 1956. 352 p. (In Russ).Вишневский А.В. Местное обезболивание по методу ползучего инфильтрата. Издание 5-е, переработанное и дополненное. Москва: Медгиз, 1956. 352 с.Wang Q, Li Z, Xu S, et al. Feasibility of ultrasound-guided capsule-sheath space block combined with anterior cervical cutaneous nerves block for thyroidectomy: an observational pilot study. BMC Anesthesiol . 2015;15(1):4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2253-15-4Wang Q., Li Z., Xu S., et al. Feasibility of ultrasound-guided capsule-sheath space block combined with anterior cervical cutaneous nerves block for thyroidectomy: an observational pilot study // BMC Anesthesiol. 2015. Vol. 15, N. 1. P. 4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2253-15-4Wadie M, Adam SI, Sasaki CT. Development, anatomy, and physiology of the larynx. In: Principles of deglutition: a multidisciplinary text for swallowing and its disorders . 2013. Р. 175–197.Wadie M., Adam S.I., Sasaki C.T. Development, anatomy, and physiology of the larynx. In: Principles of deglutition: a multidisciplinary text for swallowing and its disorders. Springer, 2013. P. 175–197.Diamond AJ, Goldhaber N, Wu BL, et al. The intramuscular nerve supply of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle of the dog. The Laryngoscope . 1992;102(3):272–276. doi: 10.1288/00005537-199203000-00008Diamond A.J., Goldhaber N., Wu B.L., et al. The intramuscular nerve supply of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle of the dog // The Laryngoscope. 1992. Vol. 102, N. 3. P. 272–276. doi: 10.1288/00005537-199203000-00008Ovechkin AM, Osipov SA. Klinicheskaya farmakologiya mestny`x anestetikov. In: Ovechkin AM, Sitkin SI , editors. Regionarnaya anesteziya i lechenie boli. Tver`: OOO « Izdatel`stvo Triada »; 2004. Р . 26–36.Овечкин А.М., Осипов С.А. Клиническая фармакология местных анестетиков. В кн.: Регионарная анестезия и лечение боли. Тематический сб. Под ред. А.М. Овечкина, С.И. Ситкина. Тверь: ООО «Издательство Триада», 2004. С. 26–36.