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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1993-6508</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1394</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">568266</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RA568266</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The optimal choice of regional anesthesia in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Выбор оптимального метода регионарной анестезии при операциях тотального эндопротезирования коленного сустава: проспективное двойное слепое рандомизированное плацебоконтролируемое исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-9925</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1353-2809</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andrianova</surname><given-names>Tatyana O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андрианова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tanya_andrianova_9@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-4679</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2371-2825</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ezhevskaya</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ежевская</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>annaezhe@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-7810</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5777-8748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sushin</surname><given-names>Viliam O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сушин</surname><given-names>Вильям Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sushin.nn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-7705</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7257-0344</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagrekov</surname><given-names>Valery I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загреков</surname><given-names>Валерий Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>zagrekov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-09-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-11-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>197</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-11"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/568266">https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/568266</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold> Rapid advances has led to the widespread use of novel ultrasound-assisted regional anesthesia techniques, such as adductor canal block (ACB) and local infiltration of the interspace between the popliteal artery and the posterior knee capsule (iPACK-block). However, achieving adequate pain relief in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains an urgent problem for the anesthesiologist because universal recommendations for the use of blockades or their combinations have not been developed.</p> <p><bold><italic>OBJECTIVE:</italic></bold> Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combinations of various types of iPACK-blocks with single ACB in TKA in achieving analgesia and restoration of knee joint functions.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold> A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty was conducted over a 9-month period. One hundred six participants were divided into 3 groups: I — combination of single ACB + iPACK-block-placebo (<italic>n</italic>=35), II — combination of single ACB + proximal iPACK block (<italic>n</italic>=36), and III — combination of single ACB + distal iPACK block (<italic>n</italic>=35). Pain was assessed by VAS in the back of the knee. Time up and go test was performed. Range of motion in the knee joint (<italic>ROM)</italic>, walking distance, and elevation of the operated limb were assessed. Sensory and motor block, postoperative nausea and vomiting severity, need for opioids, time to first analgesic use, and patient satisfaction were also assessed.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold> Pain scores and other outcomes were higher in the group with ACB than in the groups with iPACK both at rest and during movement (<italic>p</italic>=0.000). Pain in the back of the knee was lower in the distal iPACK group (<italic>p<sub>1</sub>,<sub>3</sub></italic>=0.003,<italic> p<sub>2</sub>,<sub>3</sub></italic>=0.032), with no difference in pain between proximal iPACK and single ACB. Moreover, patients who received iPACK performed better in the functional tests on day 1 but not on day 2. In the proximal block group, 5.56±3.82% of cases reported sensorimotor blockade. There were no other adverse events. Patient satisfaction with anesthesia was lower in the ACB group (<italic>p=</italic>0.000) and no differences in satisfaction was seen in the iPACK blocks.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION:</italic></bold> The distal approach in iPACK block is an effective and simple technique to reduce pain in the back of the knee and risk of sensory block. Our findings indicate that combining adductor canal block and distal iPACK block is an optimal technique for achieving postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Несмотря на бурное развитие и широкое распространение новых методов ультразвук-ассистированной регионарной анестезии, таких как блокада приводящего канала (БПК) и инфильтрация пространства между подколенной артерией и мыщелком бедренной кости (айПАК-блок), обеспечение адекватного обезболивания пациентов с перенесённым тотальным эндопротезированием коленного сустава (ТЭКС) по-прежнему остаётся насущной проблемой анестезиолога, поскольку универсальной схемы применения блокад или их комбинаций не разработано.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Оценить влияние комбинаций разных видов айПАК-блока с БПК при ТЭКС на эффективность аналгезии и скорость восстановления функций коленного сустава.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>На протяжении 9 мес проведено двойное слепое рандомизированное плацебо-контролируемое исследование пациентов, перенёсших ТЭКС. Исходно отобранные согласно критериям включения 106 человек (13 мужчин и 93 женщин, средний возраст 64,06±7,35 года) были разделены на 3 группы: I — комбинация БПК + айПАК-блок-плацебо (<italic>n</italic>=35), II — комбинация БПК + проксимальный айПАК-блок (<italic>n</italic>=36), III — комбинация БПК + дистальный айПАК-блок (<italic>n</italic>=35). Оценивали интенсивность болевого синдрома по визуальной аналоговой шкале (ВАШ), боль в задней части колена, проводили тест «встань и иди» (Time Up and Go, TUG), измеряли амплитуду движения в коленном суставе (Range Of Motion, ROM), дистанцию ходьбы и высоту подъёма оперированной конечности. Дополнительно оценивали сенсорный и моторный блок, выраженность послеоперационной тошноты и рвоты, потребность в опиоидах, время первого требования анальгетика, а также удовлетворённость пациентов анестезией.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В группе с БПК интенсивность болевого синдрома по ВАШ была статистически значимо выше, чем в группах с айПАК как в покое, так и при движениях на всех этапах оценки (<italic>p</italic>=0,000). Боль в задней части колена оказалась ниже в группе дистального айПАК (<italic>p<sub>1,3</sub></italic>=0,003, <italic>p<sub>2,3</sub></italic>=0,032), при этом разницы между проксимальным айПАК и БПК зарегистрировано не было. Функциональные тесты лучше выполнялись на 1-е сут в группах с айПАК, на 2-е сут разницы между группами не отмечено. В группе проксимального блока у 5,56±3,82% пациентов зафиксировано возникновение сенсомоторной блокады. Других нежелательных явлений не зарегистрировано. Удовлетворённость пациентов анестезией была ниже в группе БПК (<italic>p</italic>=0,000), среди разновидностей айПАК-блока статистически значимых различий не выявлено.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> айПАК-блок является эффективной и простой блокадой, его дистальный тип уменьшает выраженность болевого синдрома в задней части коленного сустава и снижает вероятность получения сенсорной блокады. Комбинация БПК и дистального айПАК-блока является оптимальной для послеоперационного обезболивания пациентов после ТЭКС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>total knee arthroplasty</kwd><kwd>total knee replacement</kwd><kwd>regional anesthesia</kwd><kwd>iPACK block</kwd><kwd>adductor canal block</kwd><kwd>infiltration anesthesia</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>регионарная анестезия</kwd><kwd>iPACK (айПАК)-блок</kwd><kwd>блокада приводящего канала</kwd><kwd>тотальное эндопротезирование коленного сустава</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fransen BL, Hoozemans MJM, Argelo KDS, et al. Fast-track total knee arthroplasty improved clinical and functional outcome in the first 7 days after surgery: a randomized controlled pilot study with 5-year follow-up. 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