<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1993-6508</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1394</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42829</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RA42829</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The problem of acute postoperative pain in neurosurgical patients</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблема острой послеоперационной боли у нейрохирургических больных</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lubnin</surname><given-names>Andrei U.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лубнин</surname><given-names>Андрей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSc, professor, The Head of the Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Therapy, N.N. Burdenko Scientific Research Neurosurgery Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, руководитель отдела анестезиологии, реанимации и интенсивной терапии ФГАУ «НИИ нейрохирургии им. Н.Н. Бурденко»</p></bio><email>lubnin@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Imaev</surname><given-names>A. A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имаев</surname><given-names>А. А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solenkova</surname><given-names>A. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соленкова</surname><given-names>А. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Burdenko Scientific Research Neurosurgery Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ «Научно-исследовательский институт нейрохирургии им. Н.Н. Бурденко»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 10, NO4 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 10, №4 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>282</fpage><lpage>290</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-08-24"><day>24</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2020-10-01"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/42829">https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/42829</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This is review article concerned to problem of acute postoperative pain in neurosurgical patients. Many ears ago it was widely accepted that wast majority of neurosurgical patients don't have any pain sensation after craniotomy. Following investigations show that it mistake. In this article we discuss new data on statistics of acute postoperative pain after intracranial and spinal neurosurgical interventions, patophysiology of acute p/o pain and various methods preventing and treatment of this pain sensation. Regional scalp block, NSAID, i/v morphine on PCA approach, transdermal therapeutic forms of fentanyl and regional analgesia in spinal neurosurgery - are most perspective directions in solving of this problem.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор посвящен проблеме острой послеоперационной боли у нейрохирургических больных. Длительное время ошибочно полагалось, что нейрохирургические больные после краниотомии не испытывают серьезных болевых ощущений и в каком-либо обезболивании не нуждаются. Последующие исследования доказали обратное. В работе рассмотрены новые данные по статистике острой послеоперационной боли у нейрохирургических больных (интракраниальная и спинальная нейрохирургия), патофизиологии острого послеоперационного болевого синдрома и способы его профилактики и терапии. Регионарная анестезия скальпа, НПВС, внутривенно вводимый морфин по схеме контролируемой пациентом анальгезии, трансдермальные формы фентанила и регионарные методики анальгезии в спинальной нейрохирургии - основные наиболее перспективные направления в решении проблемы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute p/o pain</kwd><kwd>neurosurgery</kwd><kwd>regional scalp block</kwd><kwd>NSAIDS</kwd><kwd>morphine on PCA</kwd><kwd>epidural analgesia in spinal neurosurgery</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острая послеоперационная боль</kwd><kwd>нейрохирургия</kwd><kwd>регионарная анестезия скальпа</kwd><kwd>НПВС</kwd><kwd>морфин по схеме РСА</kwd><kwd>эпидуральная анальгезия в спинальной нейрохирургии</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Сепеда М.С., Карр Д.Б. Нейроэндокринные реакции на послеоперационную боль. В кн.: Послеоперационная боль. Под ред. Ф.М. Ферранте, Т.Р. ВейдБонкора. М. Мед. Пер. с англ. 1998; 77-104.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Имаев А.А., Долматова Е.В., Лубнин А.Ю. Послеоперационное обезболивание больных после краниотомии. Вопр. нейрохирургии. 2013; 3: 54-61.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Gottschalk A., Yaster M. The perioperative management of pain from intracranial surgery. Neurocrit. Care. 2009; 10: 387-402.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Lai L.T., Ortiz-Cardona J.R., Bendo A.A. Perioperative pain management in the neurosurgical patient. Anesthesiol. Clin. 2012; 30(2): 347-67.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Stoneham M.D., Cooper R., Quiney N.F. et al. Pain following craniotomy: a preliminary study comparing PCA morphine with intramuscular codeine phosphate. Anesthesia. 1996; 51: 1176-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>De Benedetis G., Lorenzetti A., Migliore M. et al. Postoperative pain in neurosurgery: a pilot study in brain surgery. Neurosurgery. 1996; 38: 466-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Dunbar P.J., Visco E., Lam A.M. Craniotomy procedures are associated with less analgesic requirements than other surgical procedures. Anesth. Analg. 1999; 88: 335-40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Gelb A., Salevsky F., Chung F. et al. Remifentanil with morphine transitional analgesia shortens neurosurgical recovery compared to fentanyl for supratentorial craniotomy. Can. J. Anaesth. 2003; 50: 946-52.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Имаев А.А., Долматова Е.В., Лубнин А.Ю. Сравнительная оценка эффективности упреждающей аналгезии ксефокамом, ропивакаином и трансдермальной терапевтической системой Дюрогезик у больных после краниотомии. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2010; 4: 15-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Dolmatova E.V., Imaev A.A., Lubnin A.Y. “Scheduled” dosing of lornoxicam provides analgesia superior to that provided by “on request” dosing following craniotomy. Eur. J. Anaesth. 2009; 26: 633-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Соленкова А.В., Лубнин А.Ю., Тенедиева В.Д. и др. Эпидуральная анестезия при оперативных вмешательствах на позвоночнике и спинном мозге. Часть I. Сравнительный анализ адекватности анестезиологической защиты в условиях эпидуральной анестезии и НЛА. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2000; 4: 27-32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Cata J.P., Zaky S. Postoperative acute pain. In: Farag E.,ed. Anesthesia for spine surgery. Cambridge University Press; 2012. 302-20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hagberg C., Welch W.C., Bowman - Howard M. Anesthesia and surgery for spine and spinal cord procedures. In: Albin M., ed. Textbook of neuroanesthesia. NY: McGraw-Hill; 1997: 1039-81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Karroum R., Soliman L.M., Seif J. Postoperative pain control in pediatric patients. In: Farag E., ed. Anesthesia for spine surgery. Cambridge University Press; 2012: 420-36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Lee S.H., Kim K.H., Cheong S.-M. et al. A comparison of the effect of epidural patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia on pain control after posterior lumbar instrumentation fusion. J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc. 2011; 50: 205-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Souzalnitski D., Cheng J. Postoperative chronic pain management. In: Farag E., ed. Anesthesia for spine surgery. Cambridge University Press; 2012: 321-46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Nittby H.R., Maltese A., Stahl N. Early postoperative haemathomas in neurosurgery. Acta Neurochir. 2016; 158: 837-46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Palmer J., Sparrow O., Jiannotti F. Postoperative hemathoma: A 5-year survey and identification of avoidable risk factors. Neurosurgery. 1994; 36: 1061-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Artru A.A. Cerebral edema, intracranial hypertension, and significance of ICP monitoring. In: M. Albin (Ed.). Textbook of neuroanesthesia. NY : McGraw - Hill; 1997: 61-116.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kass J.S., Cottrell J.E., Lee B. Brain metabolism, the pathophysiology of brain injury, and potential beneficial agents and techniques. In: Cottrell J.E., Young W.L., eds. Cottrell and Young’s neuroanesthesia.. 5th ed. Mosby - Elsevier; 2010: 1-16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Радж П.П. Проблема послеоперационной боли: эпидемиологическая перспектива. В кн.: Послеоперационная боль. Под ред. Ф.М. Ферранте, Т.Р. ВейдБонкора. М. Мед. Пер. с англ. 199; 1-15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Соленкова А.В., Бондаренко А.А., Лубнин А.Ю. и др. Послеоперационные когнитивные изменения у больных пожилого и старческого возраста. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2012; 4: 13-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Соленкова А.В., Бондаренко А.А., Дзюбанова Н.А., и др. Оценка состояния когнитивных функций при операциях на позвоночнике и спинном мозге. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2012; 4: 38-42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>De Gray L.C., Matta B.F. Acute and chronic pain after craniotomy: review. Anaesthesia. 2010; 23: 551-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Gee J.R., Ishaq Y., Vijayan N. Postcraniotomy headache. Headache. 2003; 43: 276-278.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Thibault M., Girard F., Moumdijan R. et al. Craniotomy site influences postoperative pain following neurosurgical procedures: a retrospective study. Can. J. Anaesth. 2007; 54: 544-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Gee J.R., Ishaq Y., Vijayan N. Postcraniotomy headache. Headache. 2003; 43: 276-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ayrian E., Kaye A.D., Varner C.L. et al. Effects of anesthetic management on early postoperative recovery, hemodynamics and pain after supratentorial craniotomy. J. Clin. Med. Res. 2015; 7: 731-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Лубнин А.Ю., Салалыкин В.И. Регионарная анестезия в нейрохирурги. Рег. анест. и лечение острой боли. 2007; I(2): 48-61.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Guilfoyle M.R., Helmy A., Duane D. et al. Regional scalp block for postcraniotomy analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth. Analg. 2013; 116: 1093-102.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Osborn I., Sebeo J. “Scalp block” during craniotomy: a classic technique revisited. J. Neurosurg. Anesth. 2010; 22: 187-94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Добродеев А.С., Салалыкин В.И., Тенедиева В.Д. и др. Локорегионарная анестезия как анальгетический компонент анестезиологического обеспечения нейрохирургических вмешательств на мозге. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2005; 3: 4-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Batoz H., Verdonk O., Pellerin C. et al. The analgesic properties of scalp infiltrations with ropivacaine after intracranial tumor resection. Anesth. Analg. 2009; 109: 240-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Law-Koune J.D., Szekely B., Fermanian C. et al. Scalp infiltration with bupivacaine plus epinephrine or plain ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain after supratentorial craniotomy. J. Neurosurg. Anesth. 2005; 17: 139-43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Rocha-Fiho P.A., Gherpelli J.L., de Siqueria J.T. et al. Post-craniotomy headache: characteristics, behavior and effect on quality of life in patients operated for treatment of supratentorial intracranial aneurysms. Cephalalgia. 2008; 28: 41-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Mea E., Chiapparini L., Savoiardo M. et al. Headache attributed to sponataneous intracranial hypotension. Neurol. Sci. 2008; 29(1): S164-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Лебедева Р.Н., Никода В.В. Фармакотерапия острой боли. М. Аир-Арт. 1998; 184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Осипова Н.А., Петрова В.В. Боль в хирургии. Средства и способы защиты. 2013. МИА. 464.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Ферранте Ф.М. α2 -Агонисты. Послеоперационная боль. Под ред. Ф.М. Ферранте, Т.Р. ВейдБонкора. М. Мед. Пер. с англ. 1998; 610-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Roberts G.C. Post-craniotomy analgesia: current practices in British neurosurgical centers - a survey of post-craniotomy analgesic practices. Eur. J. Anaesth. 2005; 22: 328-32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Kotak D., Cheserem B., Solth A. A survey of post-craniotomy analgesia in British neurosurgical cenres: time for perceptions and prescribing to change? Br. J. Neurosurg. 2009; 23: 538-42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Roberts G.C. A review of the efficacy and safety of opioid analgesics post-craniotomy. Nurs. Crit. Care. 2004; 9: 277-83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Verchere E., Grenier B., Mesli A. et al. Postoperative pain management after supratentorial craniotomy. J. Neurosurg. Anesth. 2002; 14: 96-101.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Poe-Kochert C., Tripi P.A., Potzman J. et al. Continuous intravenous morphine infusion for postoperative analgesia following posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2010; 35: 754-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Warren D.T., Bowen-Roberts T., Ou C. et al. Safety and efficacy of continuous morphine infusions following pediatric cranial surgery in a surgical ward setting. Childs Nerv. Syst. 2010; 26: 1535-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Jarzyna D., Jungquist C.R., Pasero C. et al. American society for pain management nursing guidelines on monitoring for opioid-induced sedation and respiratory depression. Pain Manag. Nurs. 2011; 12: 118-45.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Lee L.A., Caplan R.A., Stephens L.S. et al. Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2015; 122: 659-65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Имаев А.А., Долматова Е.В., Куликов А.С. и др. Применение трансдермальной терапевтической системы Дюрогезик для терапии острой послеопеарционной боли у пациентов после краниотомии. Рег. анест. и леч. острой боли. 2015; 9(4): 32-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Соленкова А.В., Имаев Ф.Ф., Бондаренко А.А. и др. Анализ эффективности и безопасности превентивной анальгезии с помощью трансдермальной терапевтической системы Дюрогезик - Матрикс в спинальной хирургии. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2011; 4: 32-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Tubbs R.S., Law C., Davis D. et al. Scheduled oral analgesics and the need for opiates in children following partial dorsal rhizotomy. J. Neurosurg. 2007; 106: 439-40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Овечкин А.М., Ефременко И.В. Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты в послеоперационном периоде: Новые возможности и перспективы применения. Рег. анест. и лечение острой боли. 2011; V(3): 5-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Ферранте Ф.М. Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты. Послеоперационная боль. Под ред. Ф.М. Ферранте, Т.Р. ВейдБонкора. М. Мед. Пер. с англ. 1998; 131-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Solenkova A.V., Lubnin A.Y., Shevelev I.N. et al. Comparative assessment of 3 techniques of preemptive pain management in spine surgery patients: Epidural analgesia, transdermal therapeutic system Durogesic Matrix and NSAIDs. XIV World Congress of Pain (IASP), Milan. 2012: PW 531.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Wilatratsami S., Snanslip V., Ariyanatkul T. et al. The effect of epidural low-dose morphine soaked microfibrillar - collagen spongue in postoperative pain control after laminectomy and instrumentation fusion: a randomized double - blind placebo - controlled study. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2014; 97(9): S62-S67.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>De Loughery T.G. Antiplatelets agents. Goodnight S.H., Hathaway W.E., eds. Disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. A clinical guide. 2nd ed. NY: McGraw - Hill Co.; 2008: 578-88.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Имаев А.А., Долматова У.В., Соленкова А.В. и др. Влияние лорноксикама на систему гемостаза пациентов после краниотомии в раннем послеоперационном периоде. Рег. анест. и лечение острой боли. 2015; IX(3): 5-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Dahl J.B., Moiniche S. Pre-emptive analgesia. Br. med. Bull. 2004; 13: 13-27.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Ferber J., Juniewicz H., Glogowska E. et al. Tramadol for postoperative analgesia in intracranial surgery. Effect on ICP and CPP. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 2000; 34(6): 70-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Lehman K.A. Tramadol for the management of acute pain. Drugs. 1994; 47(1): 19-32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Scott L.J., Perry C.M. Tramadol: a review of its use in perioperative pain. Drugs. 2000; 60: 139-76.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Boostani R., Derakhshan S. Tramadol induzed seizure: A 3 - year study. Caspian J. Intern. Med. 2012; 3: 484-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Nebhinani N., Singh S.M., Gupta G. A patient with tramadol dependence and predictable provoked epileptic seizures. Indian J. Psyh. 2013; 55: 293-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Durrieu G., Oliver P., Bagheri H. et al. Overview of adverse reactions to nefopam: an analysis of the French Pharmacovigilance database. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 21: 555-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Evans M.S. et al. Nefopam for the prevention of postoperative pain: quantitative systematic review. Br. J. Anaesth. 2008; 101: 610-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Акупан - 1. Биокодекс. Нефопам. Инструкция по медицинскому применению препарата. Biocodex. РУ № ЛП-000181 от 20.01.2011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Имаев А.А., Лубнин А.Ю. Нефопам в комплексной терапии послеоперационной боли у пациентов с краниотомией. Альманах МНОАР. Материалы XIV сессии. 29.03.2013; 21-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Berkowitz A.C., Ginsburg A.M., Pesso R.M. et al. Comparison of intraoperative ketamine vs. fentanyl use decreases postoperative opioid requirements in trauma patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. Middle East J. Anaesth. 2016; 23: 415-20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Misra S., Parthasarathi G., Vilanilam G.C. The effect of gabapentin on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in patients on preoperative dexamethasone undergoing craniotomy for intracranial tumors. J. Neurosurg. Anesth. 2013; 25: 386-91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Ture H., Sayin M., Karlikaya G. et al. The analgesic effect of gabapentin as a prophylactic anticonvulsant drug on postcraniotomy pain: a prospective randomized study. Anesth. Analg. 2009; 109: 1625-31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar K.P., Kulkarni D.K., Gurajala J. et al. Pregabalin versus tramadol for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J. Pain Res. 2013; 6: 471-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Куликов А.С., Лубнин А.Ю. Дексмедетомидин: Новые возможности в анестезиологии. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2013; 1: 37-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Ard J.L., Bekker A.Y., Diyle W.K. Dexmedetomedine in awake craniotomy: a technical note. Surg. Neurol. 2005; 63: 114-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Gopalakrishna K.N., Dash P.K., Chatterjee N. et al. Dexmedetomedine as an anesthetic adjuvant in patients undergoing transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumor. J. Neurosurg. Anesth. 2015; 27: 209-15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Lubnin A.Yu, Shevelev I.N., Solenkova A.V. Safety and efficiency epidural anesthesia in spine surgery. Reg. Anest. and Pain Med., Supplement. 2007; 32(5): 48.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Соленкова А.В., Лубнин А.Ю., Шевелев И.Н. Возможности применения эпидуральной анальгезии при оперативных вмешательствах на позвоночнике и спинном мозге. Рег. анест. и леч. острой боли. 2008; 4: 53-63.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Ежевская А.А., Акулов М.С., Млявых С.Г. Двухуровневая эпидуральная анальгезия в комплексе обезболивания при хирургии сколиоза. Вестн. инт. терапии. 2010; 3: 47-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Ежевская А.А., Прусакова Ж.Б. Эпидуральная анальгезия при операциях хирургической коррекции сколиоза. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2012; 2: 27-30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Соленкова А.В., Тенедиева В.Д., Бондаренко А.А., и др. Применение эластомерных помп для продленной эпидуральной аналгезии при спинальных нейрохирургических вмешательствах. Альманах МНОАР. Материалы XIV сессии. 29.03.2013; 39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Hee H.I., Tan Y.S., Hee H.T. Commentary: Postoperative analgesia after lumbar laminectomy: is the a role for single-shot epidural fentanyl? Spine. 2012; 12: 652-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Schenk M.R., Putzier M., Kugler B. et al. Postoperative analgesia after major spine surgery: patient-controlled epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia. Anesth. Analg. 2006; 103: 1311-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Taenzer A.H., Clark C. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia in adolescent scoliosis surgery: a meta-analysis. Pediatr. Anesth. 2010; 20: 135-43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Wu M.H., Wong C.H., Niu C.C. et al. A comparison of three types of postoperative pain control after posterior lumbar spinal surgery. Spine.2011; 36: 2224-31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Elder J.B., Hoh D.J., Liu C.Y., Wang M.Y. Postoperative continuous paravertebral anesthetic infusion for pain control in posterior cervical spine surgery: a case-control study. Neurosurgery. 2010; 66 (3): 99-106.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
