<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1993-6508</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1394</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">36202</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RA36202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Selected chapters from monograph «Spinal Anesthesia in Obstetrics» Chapter 6. Neurophysiologic basics of spinal anesthesia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Отдельные главы из монографии «Спинномозговая анестезия в акушерстве» Глава 6. Факторы, влияющие на распределение местных анестетиков в субарахноидальном пространстве</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shifman</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шифман</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faculty of refresher training for health care professionals, Department of anesthesiology and resuscitation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ФПКМР, кафедра анестезиологии и реаниматологии</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filippovich</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппович</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>отделение анестезии и реанимации</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">People’s Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">РУДН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FSBI «Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В. И. Кулакова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2013-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL VII, NO3 (2013)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 7, №3 (2013)</issue-title><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-07-21"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2013, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2013, ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2020-10-01"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/36202">https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/36202</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical course of spinal block, intensity of its manifestation, quality of spinal anesthesia and occurrence of complications are mainly caused by level of local anesthetic distribution in subarachnoid space. Several factors responsible of this process and consequently neuraxial block are currently found out. The presented lecture considers the most clinically significant factors.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Клиническая картина спинального блока, выраженность его проявлений, качество спинномозговой анестезии, наличие или отсутствие осложнений во многом определяются степенью распространения местных анестетиков в субарахноидальном пространстве. К настоящему моменту выявлен целый ряд факторов, влияющих на этот процесс, а, следовательно, и на характеристики достигнутого нейроаксиального блока. Клинически наиболее значимые из этих факторов изложены в предлагаемой лекции.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neuraxial block</kwd><kwd>local anesthetics</kwd><kwd>level of neuraxial block level</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейроаксиальный блок</kwd><kwd>местные анестетики</kwd><kwd>уровень нейроаксиального блока</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Greene N. M. Distribution of local anesthetic solutions within the subarachnoid space // Anesth. Analg. 1985; 64: 715-730.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Greene N. M. Preganglionic sympathetic blockade in man: a study of spinal anesthesia // Acta Anaesth. Scand. 1981; 25: 463-469.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Chamberlain D. P., Chamberlain B. D. L. Changes in the skin temperature of the trunk and their relationship to sympathetic blockade during spinal anesthesia // Anesthesiology. 1986; 65: 139-143.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Cederholm I., Anskar S., Bengtsson M. Sensory, motor and sympathetic block during epidural analgesia with 0,5 % and 0,75% ropivacaine with and without epinephrine // Reg. Anesth. 1994; 19: 18-33.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lundin S., Kirno K., Wallin B. G., Elam M. Effects of epidural anesthesia on sympathetic nerve discharge to the skin // Acta Anaesth. Scand. 1990; 34: 492-497.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Axelsson K., Widman G. B. A comparison of bupivacaine and tetracaine in spinal anesthesia with special reference to motor block // Acta Anaesth. Scand. 1985; 29: 79-86.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Barclay D. L., Renegar O. J., Nelson E. W. The influence of inferior vena cava compression on the level of spinal anesthesia // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1968; 101: 792-800.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bonica J. J. Maternal anatomic and physiologic alternations during pregnancy and parturition // Bonica J. J., MacDonald J. S. (Eds.). Principles and Practice of Obstetric Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995; 45-82.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Datta S., Hurley R. J., Naulty J. S., Stern, Lambert D. H., Concepcion M., Tulchinsky D., Weiss J. B., Ostheimer G. W. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid progesterone concentrations in pregnant and nonpregnant women // Anesth. Analg. 1999; 65: 950-954.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Datta S., Lambert D. H., Gregus J. et al. Differential sensitivities of mammalian nerve fibers during pregnancy // Anesth. Analg. 1983; 62: 1070</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Assali N. S., Prystowsky H. Studies on autonomic blockade // J. Clin. Invest. 1950; 29: 1354-1366.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Marx G. F., Oka Y., Orkin L. R. Cerebrospinal fluid pressures during labor // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1962; 84: 213-219.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hopkins E. L., Hendricks C. M., Cibils L. A. Cerebrospinal fluid in labor // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1965; 93: 907-916.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Dubelman A. M., Forbes A. R. Does cough increase the spread of subarachnoid anesthesia? // Anesth. Analg. 1979; 58: 306308.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Scott D. B., Kerr M. G. Inferior vena caval pressure in late pregnancy // J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1963; 70: 1044-1049.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hirabayashi Y., Shimizu R., Fucuda H., Saiton K., Igarashi T. Effects of the pregnant uterus on the extradural venous plexus in the supine and lateral positions, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging // Br. J. Anaesth. 1997; 78: 317319.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Richardson M. G., Wissler R. N. Density of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in pregnant and nonpregnant humans // Anesthesiology. 1996; 85: 326-330.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Tsen L. C., Tarshis J., Denson D. D., Osathanondh R., Datta S., Bader A. M. Measurements of Maternal Protein Binding of Bupivacaine Throughout Pregnancy // Anesth. Analg. 1999; 89: 965.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Johnson R. F., Cahana A., Olenick M., Herman N., Paschall R. L., Minzter B., Ramasubramanian R., Gonzalez H., Downing J. W. A comparison of the placental transfer of ropivacaine versus bupivacaine // Anesth. Analg. 1999; 89: 703-708.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Breen T.W., Shapiro T., Glass B., Foster-Payne D., Oriol N. B. Epidural anesthesia for labor in an ambulatory patient // Anesth. Analg. 1993; 77: 919-924.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Yao F.F., Artusio J. F Anesthesiology Problem Orientated Patient Management. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1983; 322-323.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Covino B. G. Comparative clinical pharmacology of local anesthetic agents // Anesthesiology. 1971; 35: 158.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Neigh J. L., Kane P. B., Smith T. C. Effects of speed and direction of injection on the level and duration of spinal anesthesia // Anesth. Analg. 1970; 49: 912-916.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>James K. S., Stott S. M., McGrady E. M., Pearsall F. J., Frame W. T., Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation // Br. J. Anaesth. 1996; 77: 150-152.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>McClure J. H., Brown D. T., Wildsmith J. A. W. Effects of injected volume and speed of injection in the spread of spinal anesthesia with isobaric amethocaine // Br. J. Anaesth. 1982; 54: 917-920.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson L., Walker J., Brydon C., Serpell M. G. Rate of injection through Whitacre needles affects distribution of spinal anaesthesia // Br. J. Anaesth. 2001; 86 (2): 245-248.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Kitahara T., Kuri S., Yoshida J. The spread of drugs used for spinal anesthesia // Anesthesiology. 1956; 17: 205-208.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Lanz E., Theiss D., Erdmann K., Becker J. Modelluntersuchungen zur Ausbreitung der isobaren Spinalanesthesie // Reg. Anaesth. 1980; 3: 4-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Nightingale P J. Barbotage and spinal anesthesia: the effect of barbotage on the spread of analgesia during isobaric spinal anesthesia // Anaesthesia. 1983; 38: 7-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Levin E., Muravchick S., Gold M.I. Isobaric tetracaine spinal anesthesia and the lithtotomy position // Anesth. Analg. 1981; 60: 810-813.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Le Filliare. Precis de rachnianesthesie generale. Paris: Librairie E. Le Francois, 1921.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
