<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1993-6508</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1394</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">110736</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RA110736</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Perioperative anesthesia in children with oncological diseases: prospective single-center continuous cohort study of a 6-year clinical experience</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Периоперационное обезболивание у детей с онкологическими заболеваниями 6-летний клинический опыт: проспективное одноцентровое сплошное когортное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-5616</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9829-6657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matinyan</surname><given-names>Nune V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матинян</surname><given-names>Нуне Вануниевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>n9031990633@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3569-5255</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3140-2275</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>anesthesiologist-resuscitator</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>n9031990633@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9492-034X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7122-7508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалёва</surname><given-names>Екатерина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>anesthesiologist-resuscitator</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>n9031990633@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1897-0331</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6513-9338</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsintsadze</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цинцадзе</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), anesthesiologist-resuscitator</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>n9031990633@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-3052</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8936-8053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belousova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоусова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), anesthesiologist-resuscitator</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>n9031990633@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-1716</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5603-4790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akimov</surname><given-names>Vasilii P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акимов</surname><given-names>Василий Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>anesthesiologist-resuscitator</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>n9031990633@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8070-5427</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslova</surname><given-names>Anastasia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маслова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>n9031990633@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-02-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>255</fpage><lpage>266</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-02"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-12-18"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Matinyan N.V., Kuznetsov D.A., Kovaleva E.A., Tsintsadze A.A., Belousova E.I., Akimov V.P., Maslova A.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Матинян Н.В., Кузнецов Д.А., Ковалёва Е.А., Цинцадзе А.А., Белоусова Е.И., Акимов В.П., Маслова А.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Matinyan N.V., Kuznetsov D.A., Kovaleva E.A., Tsintsadze A.A., Belousova E.I., Akimov V.P., Maslova A.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Матинян Н.В., Кузнецов Д.А., Ковалёва Е.А., Цинцадзе А.А., Белоусова Е.И., Акимов В.П., Маслова А.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-12-19"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/110736">https://rjraap.com/1993-6508/article/view/110736</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold> Effective anesthesia is one of the most important factors in rapid and successful rehabilitation after surgery. Inadequately selected analgesia and consequent pain significantly slow down the recovery process and are associated with several complications that cover almost all organs and systems and reduce the patient’s quality of life in the long term.</p> <p><bold><italic>OBJECTIVE:</italic></bold> This study aimed to analyze 6 years of clinical experience with perioperative epidural anesthesia in the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, considering the effectiveness, safety, and satisfaction of patients and their legal representatives with this medical aid.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold> A prospective single-center continuous cohort study was conducted on patients who received epidural analgesia as part of perioperative anesthesia in the period from 2016 to 2021. Data from 702 (48.5%) boys and 745 (51.5%) girls were analyzed. Children were divided into three main groups according to age: from 1 month to 1 year (14.3%), from 1 year to 7 years (37.8%), and from 8 years to 18 years (47.8%). The area of surgical intervention was also considered: abdominal surgery (65.2%), thoracic (8.5%), and orthopedic (26.4%). The choice of the local anesthesia level has also influenced the results. The main study outcomes were the intensity of postoperative pain syndrome in pediatric oncosurgery and additional consumption of narcotic analgesics after the administration of a mixture of topical drugs with or without adjuvants into the epidural space.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS: </italic></bold>The effectiveness of epidural anesthesia in the intraoperative period was quite high, which is confirmed by the stability of hemodynamic parameters. Intraoperatively, additional administration of systemic narcotic analgesics was noted in 5% of the total sample. In all observed patients, epidural adjuvants (morphine and promedol) ensured the optimal duration of action and analgesic efficacy of caudal blockade in the postoperative period; therefore, additional painkillers were not needed. Satisfaction with the intervention was generally high, with 98% providing a rating of “very good” or “good”.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION:</italic></bold> Anesthesia methods (epidural blockade), optimal pain control, and active postoperative recovery (including early oral nutrition and mobilization) in fast-track surgery reduce stress reactions and organ dysfunction, significantly reducing the time required for a full recovery.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование. </italic></bold>Эффективное обезболивание — один из важнейших факторов быстрой и успешной реабилитации после операции. Неправильно подобранная аналгезия и, как следствие, болевые ощущения у пациента существенно замедляют процесс выздоровления и ассоциированы с рядом осложнений, охватывающих практически все органы и системы и снижающих качество жизни больного в долгосрочной перспективе.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель.</italic></bold> Произвести нализ 6 лет клинического опыта применения периоперационного эпидурального обезболивания пациентам НИИ детской онкологии НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина (Москва), в том числе с позиций оценки эффективности, безопасности и удовлетворённости больных и их законных представителей этой медицинской технологией.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold> Проведено проспективное одноцентровое сплошное когортное исследование с участием пациентов, которые получали эпидуральную аналгезию в рамках периоперационного обезболивания в период с 2016 по 2021 год. В работе проанализированы данные 702 (48,5%) мальчиков и 745 (51,5%) девочек. В соответствии с возрастом детей разделили на 3 основные группы: от 1 мес до 1 года (14,3%), от 1 года 1 мес до 7 лет 11 мес (37,8%), от 8 до 18 лет (47,8%). Кроме того, была учтена область хирургического вмешательства: абдоминальная (65,2%), торакальная (8,5%), ортопедическая (26,4%) операция. На оценку результатов также повлиял выбор уровня введения местного анестетика. Основными итогами выполненной работы стали оценка интенсивности периоперационного болевого синдрома в детской онкохирургии и дополнительного расхода наркотических анальгетиков после введения в эпидуральное пространство смеси препаратов местного действия с адъювантами или без них.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты. </italic></bold>Установлено, что эффективность эпидуральной анестезии в интраоперационном периоде достаточно высока, что подтверждено стабильностью гемодинамических показателей. Дополнительное введение системных наркотических анальгетиков интраоперационно было зарегистрировано в 5% случаев. Применение эпидуральных адъювантов (морфин и промедол) обеспечило оптимальную длительность действия и анальгетическую эффективность каудальной блокады в послеоперационном периоде у всех наблюдаемых больных, в связи с чем отсутствовала необходимость в дополнительном введении обезболивающих средств. Оценка удовлетворённости пациент / родитель в 68% случаев показала отличное обезболивание, в 30% — хорошее, в 2% ситуаций участники исследования были не удовлетворены послеоперационным обезболиванием.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение.</italic></bold> Применение различных региональных методов аналгезии в составе сочетанной анестезии, оптимальный послеоперационный контроль боли и ранняя активизация пациентов, в том числе с началом раннего перорального питания в fast track-хирургии, способствуют снижению стрессовых реакций и дисфункции органов, значительно сокращая время, необходимое для полного восстановления ребёнка.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epidural anesthesia</kwd><kwd>analgesia</kwd><kwd>pediatric oncosurgery</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпидуральная анестезия</kwd><kwd>периоперационное обезболивание</kwd><kwd>детская онкохирургия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breivik H. Postoperative pain management: why is it difficult to show that it improves outcome? Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1998;15(6):748–751. doi: 10.1097/00003643-199811000-00022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breivik H. Postoperative pain management: why is it difficult to show that it improves outcome? // Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1998. Vol. 15, N 6. Р. 748–751. doi: 10.1097/00003643-199811000-00022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carr DB, Goudas LC. Acute pain. Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2051–2058. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03313-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carr D.B., Goudas L.C. Acute pain // Lancet. 1999. Vol. 353, N 9169. Р. 2051–2058. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03313-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joshi GP, Ogunnaike BO. Consequences of inadequate postoperative pain relief and chronic persistent postoperative pain. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2005;23(1):21–36. doi: 10.1016/j.atc.2004.11.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joshi G.P., Ogunnaike B.O. Consequences of inadequate postoperative pain relief and chronic persistent postoperative pain // Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2005. Vol. 23, N 1. Р. 21–36. doi: 10.1016/j.atc.2004.11.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78(5):606–617. doi: 10.1093/bja/78.5.606</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation // Br J Anaesth. 1997. Vol. 78, N 5. Р. 606–617. doi: 10.1093/bja/78.5.606</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinatra R. Causes and Consequences of Inadequate Management of Acute Pain. Pain Med. 2010;11(12):1859–1871. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00983.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinatra R. Causes and Consequences of Inadequate Management of Acute Pain // Pain Med. 2010. Vol. 11, N 12. P. 1859–1871. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00983.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gan TJ. Poorly controlled postoperative pain: prevalence, consequences, and prevention. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2287–2298. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S144066</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gan T.J. Poorly controlled postoperative pain: prevalence, consequences, and prevention // J Pain Res. 2017. N 10. Р. 2287–2298. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S144066</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006;367(9522):1618–1625. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68700-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kehlet H., Jensen T.S., Woolf C.J. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention // Lancet. 2006. Vol. 367, N 9522. Р. 1618–1625. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68700-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macrae WA. Chronic pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87(1):88–98. doi: 10.1093/bja/87.1.88</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macrae W.A. Chronic pain after surgery // Br J Anaesth. 2001. Vol. 87, N 1. Р. 88–98. doi: 10.1093/bja/87.1.88</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poobalan AS, Bruce J, Smith WC, et al. A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Clin J Pain. 2003;19(1):48–54. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200301000-00006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poobalan A.S., Bruce J., Smith W.C., et al. A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy // Clin J Pain. 2003. Vol. 19, N 1. Р. 48–54. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200301000-00006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johansen A, Romundstad L, Nielsen CS, et al. Persistent postsurgical pain in a general population: prevalence and predictors in the Tromsø study. Pain. 2012;153(7):1390–1396. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johansen A., Romundstad L., Nielsen C.S., et al. Persistent postsurgical pain in a general population: prevalence and predictors in the Tromsø study // Pain. 2012. Vol. 153, N 7. Р. 1390–1396. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wildgaard K, Ravn J, Kehlet H. Chronic post-thoracotomy pain: a critical review of pathogenic mechanisms and strategies for prevention. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36(1):170–180. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.02.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wildgaard K., Ravn J., Kehlet H. Chronic post-thoracotomy pain: a critical review of pathogenic mechanisms and strategies for prevention // Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009. Vol. 36, N 1. Р. 170–180. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.02.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L, Guyatt GH, Kennedy SA, et al. Predictors of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. CMAJ. 2016;188(14):352–361. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.151276</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Guyatt G.H., Kennedy S.A., et al. Predictors of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies // CMAJ. 2016. Vol. 188, N 14. Р. 352–361. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.151276</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polushin YuS, editor. Rukovodstvo po anesteziologii i reanimatologii. St. Petersburg: Elbi-SPb; 2004. (In Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руководство по анестезиологии и реаниматологии / под ред. Ю.С. Полушина. Санкт-Петербург: Элби-СПб, 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gruzdev VE, Gorobets ES. Multimodal combined anesthesia in lung surgery patients with low functional respiratory reserve. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management. 2013;7(3):26–30. (In Russ). doi: 10.17816/ра.v7i3.36193</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Груздев В.Е., Горобец Е.С. Мультимодальная комбинированная анестезия как способ анестезиологического обеспечения операций на легких у больных с низкими функциональными резервами дыхания // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2013. Т. 7, № 3. С. 26–30. doi: 10.17816/ра.v7i3.36193</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niemi G, Breivik H. Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyle and adrenaline after major surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42(8):897–909. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05348.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niemi G., Breivik H. Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyle and adrenaline after major surgery // Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998. Vol. 42, N 8. P. 897–909. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05348.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niemi G, Breivik H. The minimally effective concentration of adrenaline in a low-concentration thoracic epidural analgesic infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47(4):439–450. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00077.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niemi G., Breivik H. The minimally effective concentration of adrenaline in a low-concentration thoracic epidural analgesic infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery // Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003. Vol. 47, N 4. P. 439–450. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00077.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breivik H. How to implement an acute postoperative pain service. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002;16(4):527–47. doi: 10.1053/bean.2002.0259</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breivik H. How to implement an acute postoperative pain service // Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002. Vol. 16, N 4. Р. 527–47. doi: 10.1053/bean.2002.0259</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabolotski DV, Koriachkin VA, Ulrikh GE. Postoperative analgesia in children. Are there any methods available today? Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management. 2017;11(2):64–72. (In Russ). doi: 10.18821/1993-6508-2017-11-2-64-72</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заболотский Д.В., Корячкин В.А., Ульрих Г.Э. Послеоперационная анальгезия у детей. Есть ли доступные методы сегодня? (современное состояние проблемы). Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2017. Т. 11, № 2. С. 64–72. doi: 10.18821/1993-6508-2017-11-2-64-72</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hong JY, Han SW, Kim WO, et al. KilA comparison of high volume/low concentration and low volume/high concentration ropivacaine in caudal analgesia for pediatric orchiopexy. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(4):1073–1078. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181b20c52</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hong J.Y., Han S.W., Kim W.O., et al. KilA comparison of high volume/low concentration and low volume/high concentration ropivacaine in caudal analgesia for pediatric orchiopexy // Anesth Analg. 2009. Vol. 109, N 4. Р. 1073–1078. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181b20c52</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avis G, Gricourt Y, Vialatte PB, et al Analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane blocks for lumbar spine surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2022:rapm-2022-103737. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2022-103737</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avis G., Gricourt Y., Vialatte P.B., et al Analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane blocks for lumbar spine surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial // Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2022. P. rapm-2022-103737. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2022-103737</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, et al. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93(2):173–183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hicks C.L., von Baeyer C.L., Spafford P.A., et al. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement // Pain. 2001. Vol. 93, N 2. Р. 173–183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bromage PR. Epidural Analgesia. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bromage P.R. Epidural Analgesia. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1978.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong J, Lim SST. Epidural analgesia in a paediatric teaching hospital: Trends, developments, and a brief review of literature. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. 2018;27(1):49–54. doi: 10.1177/2010105817733997</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong J., Lim S.S.T. Epidural analgesia in a paediatric teaching hospital: Trends, developments, and a brief review of literature // Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. 2018. Vol. 27, N 1. Р. 49–54. doi: 10.1177/2010105817733997</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasanavesi RC, Gazula S, Pula R, Thakur N. Safety of post-operative epidural analgesia in the paediatric population: a retrospective analysis. Indian J Anaesth. 2015;59(10):636–640. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.167494</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasanavesi R.C., Gazula S., Pula R., Thakur N. Safety of post-operative epidural analgesia in the paediatric population: a retrospective analysis // Indian J Anaesth. 2015. Vol. 59, N 10. Р. 636–640. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.167494</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Love W, Rathmell JP, Tarver JM. Regional anesthesia for acute pain management. Problems in Anesthesia. 2000;12(2):165–176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Love W., Rathmell J.P., Tarver J.M. Regional anesthesia for acute pain management // Problems in Anesthesia. 2000. Vol. 12, N 2. P. 165–176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovechkin AM, editor. Lechenie posleoperatsionnoi boli — kachestvennaya klinicheskaya praktika: obshchie rekomendatsii i printsipy uspeshnogo lecheniya boli. Moscow: AstraZeneka; 2006. (In Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лечение послеоперационной боли — качественная клиническая практика: общие рекомендации и принципы успешного лечения боли / под общ. ред. А.М. Овечкина. Москва: AstraZeneka, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovechkin AM, Bayalieva AZh, Yezhevskaya AA, et al. Postoperative anesthesia. Guidelines. Annals of Critical Care. 2019;4:9–33. (In Russ). doi: 10.21320/1818-474X-2019-4-9-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овечкин А.М., Баялиева А.Ж., Ежевская А.А., и др. Послеоперационное обезболивание. Клинические рекомендации // Вестник интенсивной терапии им. А.И. Салтанова. 2019. № 4. С. 9–33. doi: 10.21320/1818-474X-2019-4-9-33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovechkin AM. Postoperative pain: the state of problem and current trends in postoperative analgesia. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management. 2015;9(2):29–39. (In Russ). doi: 10.17816/ра.v9i2.36255</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овечкин А.М. Послеоперационная боль: состояние проблемы и современные тенденции послеоперационного обезболивания // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2015. Т. 9, № 2. С. 29–39. doi: 10.17816/ра.v9i2.36255</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ledyakin VI, Pyataev NA. Neiroaksial’nye metody obezbolivaniya v pediatrii: stress-protektornaya effektivnost’ i nevrologicheskaya bezopasnost’. Medical Almanac. 2011;14(1):156–159. (In Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ледяйкин В.И., Пятаев Н.А Нейроаксиальные методы обезболивания в педиатрии: стресс-протекторная эффективность и неврологическая безопасность // Медицинский альманах. 2011. Т. 14, № 1. С. 156–159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabolotskiy DV, Koryachkin VA. Child and regional anesthesia — What for? Where? And how? Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management. 2016;10(4):243–253. (In Russ). doi: 10.18821/1993-6508-2016-10-4-243-253</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заболотский Д.В., Корячкин В.А. Ребенок и регионарная анестезия — зачем? Куда? И как? // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2016. Т. 10, № 4. С. 243–253. doi: 10.18821/1993-6508-2016-10-4-243-253</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sichkar SYu, Afukov II. Epidural anesthesia in newborns and infants with surgical diseases. Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2015;5(2):47–54. (In Russ). doi: 10.17816/psaic157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сичкарь С.Ю., Афуков И.И. Эпидуральная анестезия у новорожденных и грудных детей с хирургическими заболеваниями // Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2015. Т. 5, № 2. С. 47–54. doi: 10.17816/psaic157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buyko EG, Mironchik SL, Samostenko VV. Introduction and experience of epidural anesthesia and continuous epidural anesthesia in thoracic phtisiosurgery. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management. 2014;8(3):16–20. (In Russ). doi: 10.17816/ра.v8i3.36214</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буйко Е.Г., Мирончик С.Л., Самостенко В.В. Внедрение и опыт эпидуральной анестезии и продленной эпидуральной анальгезии в торакальной фтизиохирургии // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2014. Т. 8, № 3. С. 16–20. doi: 10.17816/ра.v8i3.36214</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hubler M, Gabler R, Ehm B, et al. Successful resuscitation following ropivacaine induced systemic toxicity in a neonate. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(11):1137–1140. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06449.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hubler M., Gabler R., Ehm B., et al. Successful resuscitation following ropivacaine induced systemic toxicity in a neonate // Anaesthesia. 2010. Vol. 65, N 11. Р. 1137–1140. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06449.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ecoffey C. Local anesthetics in pediatric anesthesia: an update. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005;71(6):357–360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ecoffey C. Local anesthetics in pediatric anesthesia: an update // Minerva Anestesiol. 2005. Vol. 71, N 6. Р. 357–360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Segado Jimenez MI, Arias Delgado J, Cаnovas Martinez L, et al. Local and regional analgesia after pediatric surgery: study in 116 patients. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2010;57(7):413–418. (In Spanish). doi: 10.1016/s0034-9356(10)70267-х</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Segado Jimenez M.I., Arias Delgado J., Cаnovas Martinez L., et al. Técnicas locorregionales para analgesia perioperatoria en anestesia pediátrica: estudio en 116 pacientes // Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2010. Vol. 57, N 7. Р. 413–418. doi: 10.1016/s0034-9356(10)70267-х</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorobets ES. Instructions for application of prolonged postoperative epidural analgesia technique in surgical departments of Scientific Research Institute of Clinical Oncology. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management. 2012;6(2):67–71. (In Russ). doi: 10.17816/ра.v6i2.36162</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горобец Е.С. Инструкция по применению метода продленной послеоперационной эпидуральной анальгезии в хирургических отделениях НИИКО // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2012. Т. 6, № 2. С. 67–71. doi: 10.17816/ра.v6i2.36162</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta A, Jay MA, Williams G. Evolving pediatric epidural practice: An institution’s clinical experience over 20 years — A retrospective observational cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2020;30(1):25–33. doi: 10.1111/pan.13767</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta A., Jay M.A., Williams G. Evolving pediatric epidural practice: An institution’s clinical experience over 20 years — A retrospective observational cohort study // Paediatr Anaesth. 2020. Vol. 30, N 1. Р. 25–33. doi: 10.1111/pan.13767</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
